AP Psych Unit 10 Vocab

disorder

deviant from social norms, maladaptive, distressing for the person or others

DSM-V

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 5th edition, used in USA

ICD-10

created by World Health Organization, international classification of disorders

pros of identifying disorder

access to support/resources, potential coverage by insurance, understanding and validation, improved communication

cons of identifying disorder

stigma, racism, sexism, able-ism, discrimination once diagnosed

biological explanation for disorders

medical/genetic issues, chemical imbalance (NTs and hormones) tumors, structural issues

psychodynamic explanation for disorders

unconscious thoughts and drives, childhood experiences

behavioral explanation for disorders

responses learned in our environment through conditioning and reinforcement

cognitive explanation for disorders

maladaptive, irrational, dysfunctional thoughts and beliefs

socio-cultural explanation for disorders

social and cultural relationships and dynamics

humanistic explanation for disorders

lack of social support, difference between real and ideal self, being unable to reach full potential

evolutionary explanation for disorders

behaviors and mental processes that impact our chance of survival

eclectic approach

most psychologists use more than one perspective when diagnosing and treating clients

positive symptoms

delusions (thoughts), hallucinations (sensory) atypical behavior

negative symptoms

lack of affect (emotion) inability to express/experience pleasure, lack of motivation, limited speech, impaired attention

biopsychosocial model

disorders reflect genetic predispositions and physiological states, inner psychological dynamics and social and cultural circumstances

diathesis-stress model

mental disorders result from the person’s inherent vulnerability (diathesis) and environmental studies

trend in treatment

1. meta-analysis studies conclude that psychotherapies are generally effective

2. Evidence-based interventions are used to create treatment plans

3. Therapists should exhibit cultural humility and establish a therapeutic alliance with the client to deliver therapy successfully

deinstitutionalization

the process of replacing long-stay psychiatric hospitals with less isolated community mental health services for those diagnosed with mental disorder

ethics in treatment

1. nonmalfiecense (do no harm)

2. fidelity (confidentiality)

3. integrity

4. respect for people’s rights

positive psychology

scientific study of human strengths, well-being, and factors that contribute to a fulfilling life, happiness, resilience, personal growth

6 factors that can increase happiness and health

gratitude, Acts of kindness, social connection, meditation and mindfulness, more experiences less stuff, find your flow state

post-traumatic growth

found that after trauma, many people develop greater personal strength/growth, deeper relationships, and renewed appreciation for life

areas of post traumatic growth

spiritual development, new possibilities, personal strength, close relationships, greater appreciation of life

ADHD

persistent patterns of inattention and/or impulsivity that interfere with functioning or development (ex: forgetful, interrupts conversations or intrudes on others)

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD)

persistent deficits in social communication and social interaction across multiple contexts, communication issues (wont respond to their name)

schizophrenia

positive symptoms: delusions, hallucinations, disorganized thinking/speech, disordered movement

negative symptoms: flat affect (zero emotional expression), catatonic stupor (lack of interest and motivation)

major depressive disorder

bout of intense depressive symptoms that last for over two weeks (loss of interest in favorite activities, changes in sleep, fatigue and feelings of worthlessness)

persistent depressive disorder (dysthymic)

more mild symptoms of depression that have lasted for a long period of time (2+ years), not due to drug use and no manic episodes, just lightly pervasive depressive symptoms

bipolar 1

most severe form of bipolar, full-blown manic episodes for long stretches of time with sudden swing into intense depressive episode, severe impulsivity and possible psychosis (losing touch with reality)

bipolar 2

less severe form of bipolar, hypomanic episodes that suddenly swing into depressive symptoms but less severe, no psychosis, still significant impact on daily functioning

specific phobia

fear or anxiety towards a specific object or situation (ex: acrophobia is fear of heights and arachnophobia is fear of spiders)

agoraphobia

intense fear of social situations including using public transportation, being in open or enclosed spaces, feeling trapped and unable to escape, intense fear of a panic attack

panic disorder

the experience of panic attacks without any apparent reason

ataque de nervios

culture-bound anxiety disorder; people of Caribbean and Iberian descent experiencing panic disorder

taijin kyofusho

culture-bound anxiety disorder experienced mainly by Japanese people in which people fear others are judging their bodies as undesirable, offensive, or unpleasing

social anxiety disorder

intense fear of being judged or watched by others (distinct from agoraphobia but may include it)

generalized anxiety disorder

prolonged experiences of non-specific anxiety or fear, uncontrollable worry about a wide range of everyday situations (must be 6+ months of this and impede daily functioning)

OCD

characterized by obsessions (recurrent and persistent intrusive thoughts) and compulsions (repetitive behaviors or mental acts the individual feels driven to perform)

hoarding disorder

persistent difficulty discarding possessions regardless of their actual value, difficulty stems from perceived need to save the items and stress associated with discarding them

dissociative amnesia (with and without fugue)

caused by intense trauma or stress, loss of autobiographical information, inability to remember specific events or periods of time, confusion and disorientation in one’s own life, (fugue state- individual wanders or travels without any awareness of their identity or situation)

dissociative identity disorder

severe condition characterized by the presence of two or more distinct personality states (alters) with their own unique identities, memories, behaviors, and perspectives

PTSD

subsequent psychological distress after intense trauma, hypervigilance, flashbacks, emotional detachment, hostility, anxiety and depression, substance use or self-destructive behavior

anorexia nervosa

refusal to maintain body weight at or above minimum normal weight, intense fear of gaining weight or becoming overweight even though underweight

bulimia nervosa

cycle of bingeing and purging, recurrent episodes of binge eating (amount definitively larger than what most individuals would eat in a two-hour period) acting to prevent significant weight gain by self-induced vomiting

personality disorder requirements

deviant from one’s culture, is pervasive and flexible, begins in adolescence or early adulthood, stable over time, leads to personal distress or impairment

paranoid personality disorder (cluster a)

irrational fear and distrust of others, interprets innocent motives of others as malevolent, no psychosis and no loss of touch of reality

schizoid personality disorder (cluster a)

lack of interest in social relationships, indifferent to criticism or praise, lack of understanding of social norms, lack of social skills

schizotypal personality disorder (cluster a)

odd and eccentric behavior, thinking and appearance, magical thinking, social anxiety, superstitions and paranoia

antisocial personality disorder (cluster b)

persistent pattern of disregard for and violation of the rights and well-being of others, lack of empathy remorse and responsibility

histrionic personality disorder (cluster b)

pervasive pattern of excessive emotionality and attention-seeking behaviors, theatrical displays to gain external validation

narcissistic personality disorder (cluster b)

exaggerated sense of self-importance, need for excessive admiration, sense of entitlement and sensitivity to criticism, internal importance displayed as need for special treatment

borderline personality disorder (cluster b)

instability in mood, self-image, intense emotions, impulsivity roller coaster

avoidant personality disorder (cluster c)

extreme shyness and social anxiety, fear of rejection and criticism, feeling inadequate and inferior in social situations and relationships even though they really want them

dependent personality disorder (cluster c)

difficulty making everyday decisions without reassurance, excessive need for advice and guidance, fear of separation and abandonment (clingy) difficulty asserting themselves

obsessive compulsive personality disorder

perfectionism, stubborn and rigid, constant need for orderliness and control, strict moral codes and stingy, can’t delegate

free association

laying on the couch and speaking in a stream of consciousness to reveal the unconscious mind, hidden thoughts and feelings

dream interpretation

analyzing dreams to reveal the unconscious mind

cognitive restructuring

combating maladaptive thinking patterns

fear hierarchies

making a list of anxiety-provoking situations or objects, ranked from least to most distressing, used with CBT

cognitive triad

negative thoughts about oneself, the world, and the future

exposure therapies

gradually exposing individuals to feared or anxiety-provoking situations in a safe and controlled environment

systematic desensitization

taking little steps up a hierarchy of fear to reduce anxiety response

aversion therapies

to reduce or eliminate