Communications Final Walter State 2023

Communication

The process of exchanging information and ideas through verbal and nonverbal means. It involves both sending and receiving messages between two or more people.

The different types of communication include intrapersonal communication (communication with oneself), interpersonal communication (communication between two or more people), small group communication (communication between three or more people), public communication (communication to a large audience), and mass communication (communication through media).

Transactional Model of Communication

The transactional model of communication is a more complex and dynamic model that views communication as an ongoing process between two or more individuals who alternate positions as sender and receiver of messages. In this model, communication is simultaneous and continuous, with both parties actively participating in the process and influencing the meaning and interpretation of messages.

Self-monitoring

The ability to monitor and control one's own behavior and actions in social situations.

Self-Concept

Refers to an individual's overall perception of oneself, including thoughts, feelings, and behaviors.

Sympathy Vs. Empathy

Sympathy is feeling sorry for someone, while empathy is understanding and feeling what someone else is going through. Face refers to the image we project of ourselves to others, while facework is the effort we put into maintaining that image. Identity management refers to the process of managing the impressions that others have of us.

Low Vs. High self-monitors

Low self-monitors tend to be less aware of the impressions they make on others and are less likely to change their behavior based on social cues, while high self-monitors are more aware of their behavior and are more likely to adjust it to fit the situation

Face

Refers to the public image that individuals want to project about themselves, or their desired social identity. _______ is an important aspect of social interaction, as individuals seek to protect their own __ while also respecting and managing the __ of others.

Facework

Refers to the strategies individuals use to maintain, enhance, or repair their face in social interactions. Facework involves various communicative strategies, such as politeness, humor, or apologies, that individuals use to maintain positive face or to mitigate negative face-threatening acts.

Identity management

Refers to the ways in which individuals present themselves to others in order to create a particular impression or manage how they are perceived. This can also involve impression management, which refers to the conscious or unconscious efforts individuals make to create a certain image of themselves in the eyes of others. These efforts can include controlling verbal and nonverbal cues, such as clothing, language, and behaviors, to present oneself in a particular way.

Power Distance

Refers to the degree to which people in a society accept and expect unequal distribution of power.

Culture Shock

A psychological phenomenon that occurs when individuals experience disorientation, confusion, and stress when exposed to unfamiliar cultural norms, values, and customs. It can occur when individuals move to a new country, interact with people from different cultures, or encounter unfamiliar cultural practices. _____ can lead to negative attitudes and behaviors towards people from different cultures.

Ethnocentrism

Refers to the tendency of people to view their own culture, beliefs, and values as superior to others. It can lead to prejudice and discrimination against people from different cultures, and can result in misunderstanding and conflict between different groups.

Stereotyping

The process of attributing certain characteristics, behaviors, and qualities to a group of people, based on their membership in that group. Stereotypes are often oversimplified and inaccurate, and can lead to negative judgments and attitudes towards members of that group.

Discrimination

Refers to treating individuals or groups unfairly or differently, based on their membership in a particular group, such as race, gender, or religion. _can be conscious or unconscious, and can result in denying opportunities, privileges, or rights to certain individuals or groups.

Prejudice

Refers to a preconceived attitude or belief about a group or individual, usually negative, without any reasonable justification or experience. It is an irrational and inflexible attitude that can lead to discrimination.

High-context cultures

Cultures that rely heavily on nonverbal communication and indirect language.

Low-context cultures

Cultures where communication primarily relies on explicit and direct language, where the meaning of messages is conveyed through the words spoken or written. In low-context cultures, people tend to be more explicit and direct when communicating, and they may rely more on facts and information rather than social cues or implicit messages. Examples of low-context cultures include countries such as Germany, Switzerland, and the United States.

Individualistic Vs. collectivistic cultures

Individualistic cultures prioritize the values of autonomy, independence, and self-reliance. People in individualistic cultures tend to focus on their own goals and needs, and they are more likely to make decisions based on personal preferences and individual rights. In these cultures, people value personal achievement, competitiveness, and assertiveness.

On the other hand, collectivistic cultures prioritize the values of interdependence, cooperation, and social harmony. People in collectivistic cultures tend to prioritize the goals and needs of their group, such as their family, community, or organization, over their own individual goals. In these cultures, people value teamwork, collaboration, and social harmony.

Examples of individualistic cultures include the United States, Canada, and Australia, while examples of collectivistic cultures include Japan, China, and South Korea. However, it is important to note that these are generalizations, and that there is a lot of cultural variation within these categories.

Affiliative language

Language used to build and maintain relationships.

Denotative Vs. Connotative meaning

Denotative meaning refers to the literal or dictionary definition of a word or phrase, while connotative meaning refers to the emotional or cultural associations that people attach to a word or phrase.

For example, the word "home" has a denotative meaning of a place where someone lives, but its connotative meaning can vary depending on the individual's experiences and cultural background. Some people may associate "home" with feelings of warmth, comfort, and security, while others may associate it with feelings of loneliness or confinement.

Equivocal Words

Words that have more than one possible meaning, and it is not clear which meaning is intended in a given context. These words can create ambiguity in communication, as different people may interpret the same word or phrase in different ways. For example, the word "rock" can refer to a type of music, a geological formation, or an action (as in "rocking" a baby to sleep), among other possible meanings. The intended meaning of an equivocal word can be clarified by providing additional context or by asking for clarification.

Euphemism

Mild or indirect expression used in place of one that may be too harsh or blunt. They are often used to soften the impact of a statement, to avoid offense or embarrassment, or to make something sound more positive or socially acceptable. For example, the phrase "passed away" is a _____ for "died," and "let go" may be used as a ____ for "fired" in a workplace setting. These are commonly used in public discourse, advertising, and polite conversation.

Residual Message

Message that remains after a communication interaction.

Stage Hog

Someone who dominates a conversation or interaction.

Hearing Vs. Listening

Hearing refers to the physical process of receiving sound, while listening involves actively paying attention to and understanding what is being said.

Insulated Vs. Insensitive Listener

An insulated listener ignores or avoids certain topics or messages, while an insensitive listener is unresponsive or indifferent to others' feelings.

Defensive Listening

The tendency to perceive a personal attack, criticism, or hostile undertone in communication, leading the listener to become defensive and closed off to the message being conveyed.

Pseudolistening

The act of pretending to listen, where the listener gives the impression of being attentive but is actually not fully engaged or comprehending the message.

Selective Hearing

The tendency to listen only to what one wants to hear and filter out the rest, based on preconceived notions, biases, or preferences.

Manipulators

Nonverbal behaviors or actions that people use to influence, control, or manipulate others. They can be conscious or unconscious and can include things like touching, crossing arms, fidgeting, or maintaining eye contact.

Haptics

Refers to the use of touch in communication. It can be used to convey a variety of meanings, including affection, aggression, support, or dominance. Haptic communication can involve different types of touch, such as handshakes, hugs, or pats on the back

Paralanguage

Refers to the nonverbal aspects of speech, such as tone of voice, pitch, rate of speech, and volume. These elements can convey different meanings and emotions and can influence how a message is received.

Proxemics

The study of how people use space in communication. It includes the physical distance between people, the ways people use space to convey different meanings, and how cultural norms and expectations can influence _____ behavior.

Johari Window

A communication model that describes how self-awareness, openness, feedback, and trust can improve relationships and communication. The model consists of four quadrants that represent different levels of awareness and knowledge: the open or public self, the hidden or private self, the blind self, and the unknown self.

Depth

The level of intimacy or closeness in a relationship, while breadth refers to the range of topics that are discussed in a relationship.

Relational Spirals

The patterns of communication and behavior that occur between individuals in a relationship. There are three main types of relational spirals: positive spirals, negative spirals, and stable spirals.

Confirming messages

Messages that communicate positive regard, respect, and appreciation for another person. These messages can enhance self-esteem and build trust in a relationship.

Discriminating messages

Messages that convey negative attitudes, judgments, or criticisms about another person. These messages can damage self-esteem and undermine trust in a relationship.

Metacommunication

Refers to communication about communication. It involves talking about the ways in which messages are being conveyed, interpreted, and understood. _______ can help clarify misunderstandings, establish ground rules for communication, and improve the overall quality of communication.

Parenting Styles

1. Authoritative: This parenting style is characterized by parents who are responsive and demanding. They are warm, supportive, and involved in their children's lives while also setting clear rules and limits. Children raised with this parenting style tend to be independent, confident, and socially responsible.

2. Authoritarian: This parenting style is characterized by parents who are demanding but not responsive. They expect their children to follow strict rules and often use punishment to enforce these rules. Children raised with this parenting style tend to be obedient but lack social and decision-making skills.

3. Permissive: This parenting style is characterized by parents who are responsive but not demanding. They are warm and loving but do not set clear rules or limits. Children raised with this parenting style tend to be impulsive and have difficulty following rules.

Sibling Realationships

1. Harmonious: This relationship is characterized by siblings who get along well, have a positive relationship, and share common interests.

2. Rivalrous: This relationship is characterized by siblings who compete with each other, often in a negative or aggressive way.

3. Neglectful: This relationship is characterized by siblings who have little or no contact or communication with each other.

4. Ambivalent: This relationship is characterized by siblings who have mixed feelings towards each other, with both positive and negative aspects.

5. Hostile: This relationship is characterized by siblings who have a negative and antagonistic relationship with each other.

The Five Stages of Intimacy Development

1. Contact - The initial stage where individuals become aware of each other's presence and make contact through verbal or nonverbal communication.

2. Involvement - The stage where individuals have a mutual interest in each other and begin to build a relationship.

3. Intimacy - The stage where individuals share personal information and feelings with each other, leading to a deeper emotional connection.

4. Deterioration - The stage where the relationship begins to decline due to conflicts, misunderstandings, or lack of effort.

5. Repair - The stage where individuals work to repair the relationship and strengthen the emotional bond.

Five Stages of Distancing

1. Denial - The stage where one or both individuals deny that there is a problem in the relationship.

2. Disengagement - The stage where individuals begin to withdraw from the relationship emotionally or physically.

3. Circumscribing - The stage where individuals restrict their communication and interactions with each other.

4. Stagnation - The stage where the relationship is stagnant and lacks growth or progress.

5. Termination - The stage where the relationship ends.

Intimacy

A state of emotional closeness and connection between individuals. It involves sharing personal information, feelings, and experiences with another person and feeling accepted, validated, and understood in return

Partner Conflict Expression

1. Direct verbal - Expressing disagreement or anger through spoken words.

2. Indirect verbal - Expressing disagreement or anger through sarcasm, humor, or other indirect means.

3. Direct physical - Expressing disagreement or anger through physical actions such as pushing, hitting, or throwing objects.

4. Indirect physical - Expressing disagreement or anger through nonverbal actions such as ignoring, avoiding, or withholding affection.

5. Third-party - Involving a third-party such as a mediator or therapist to help resolve conflicts.

Audience Analysis

The process of gathering and interpreting information about the intended audience for a communication.

Demographics

The statistical characteristics of a population, such as age, gender, education, income, and occupation.

Attitude

A person's evaluation of an object, person, or situation.

Belief

A person's acceptance of something as true, often based on cultural or personal experience.

Values

The guiding principles or moral standards that a person uses to make judgments and decisions.

Confirmation bias

The tendency to seek out, interpret, and remember information in a way that confirms preexisting beliefs or hypotheses. This bias can lead to the rejection of information that contradicts existing beliefs and the acceptance of information that supports them.

Extemporaneous Delivery

This type of delivery involves using a prepared outline or notes to guide the presentation, but the speaker delivers the speech in a conversational and spontaneous way, without reading from a script.

Manuscript delivery

In this type of delivery, the speaker writes out the entire speech and reads it word for word. This method ensures accuracy and precision, but can sometimes come across as less engaging.

Memorized Delivery

This type of delivery involves memorizing the entire speech word for word and delivering it from memory. This method can be very effective, but requires a lot of practice and can be difficult to execute flawlessly.

Impromptu Delivery

This type of delivery is unplanned and unrehearsed, and involves speaking off the cuff about a given topic.

Visual Aspects of Delivery

1. Appearance: The way a speaker dresses and presents themselves can have a significant impact on how they are perceived by the audience.

2. Movement: Movement and gestures can be used to emphasize certain points, convey emotion, or engage the audience.

3. Posture: Good posture can convey confidence and authority, while poor posture can detract from the message being delivered.

4. Facial expression: Facial expressions can convey a range of emotions and can help the audience connect with the speaker.

5. Eye contact: Making eye contact with the audience can help establish a connection and convey confidence and sincerity.

Auditory Aspects of Delivery

1. Volume: The loudness or softness of the speaker's voice can be used to convey emotion and emphasize important points.

2. Rate: The speed at which the speaker speaks can affect how easy it is for the audience to follow the speech and can convey excitement, urgency, or emphasis.

3. Pitch: The highness or lowness of the speaker's voice can convey emotion and add variety to the speech.

4. Articulation: The clarity with which the speaker pronounces words and enunciates syllables can affect how easily the audience can understand the message.

Informative Vs. Persuasive Speaking

Informative speaking aims to impart knowledge, educate or inform the audience about a particular topic or subject, without trying to convince them of a particular viewpoint. Persuasive speaking, on the other hand, aims to persuade the audience to accept a particular opinion, belief or perspective on a topic or issue.

Persuasion

The process of influencing or convincing someone to change their attitude, belief or behavior about a particular topic or issue.

Ethos, Pathos, and Logos

Ethos, pathos, and logos are the three modes of persuasion identified by Aristotle.

Ethos refers to the credibility or authority of the speaker.

Pathos appeals to the emotions of the audience.

Logos appeals to the logical reasoning of the audience.

Reasoning

Refers to the process of using logic or critical thinking to arrive at a conclusion or judgment. It involves making arguments that are supported by evidence or logical deductions

Evidence

Any information or data that is used to support an argument or claim. It can be in the form of statistics, expert testimony, anecdotes, personal experiences, or other forms of supporting material.

Warrent

The logical connection between a claim and the evidence used to support it. It is the underlying assumption or reasoning that connects the evidence to the claim.

Fallacies

a) Ad Hominem: This fallacy involves attacking the character or personal traits of the person making an argument, rather than addressing the substance of their argument.

b) Reduction to the Absurd: This fallacy involves misrepresenting an argument in an extreme or ridiculous way, in order to make it easier to refute.

c) Either-Or: This fallacy involves presenting only two extreme or polarized options, and ignoring any other possible alternatives or nuances.

d) False Clause (Post Hoc): This fallacy involves assuming that just because one event happened before another, it must have caused the other event.

e) Appeal to Authority: This fallacy involves using the opinion or endorsement of an authority figure as evidence to support an argument, without providing any actual evidence or reasoning.

f) Bandwagon: This fallacy involves arguing that because a large number of people believe or do something, it must be true or right.

Outlining

Method used to provide structure and organization to a speech, making it easier to identify and develop main points, and allowing the speaker to visualize the flow of their argument.

Types of Outlines

A preparation outline is a detailed outline used to plan and organize the content of a speech, typically including a title, purpose, thesis statement, main points, and supporting evidence. A formal sentence outline is similar to a preparation outline but is written in complete sentences. A speaking outline is a brief outline used during the delivery of the speech, often consisting of keywords or phrases to help the speaker remember their main points.

Citation

A reference to a source used in a speech, usually listed in a works cited or references section at the end of the speech. It is important to cite sources in order to give credit to the original author, avoid plagiarism, and demonstrate the credibility of the information presented.

Verbal Footnote

A brief citation given during the speech itself, usually including the author's name and the title of the work. It is used to provide attribution for a quote or piece of information that was just presented, rather than waiting until the end of the speech to list all sources.

Linear Model of Communication

Model of communication views communication as a one-way process in which a sender encodes a message and transmits it through a channel to a receiver who decodes the message. This model assumes that communication is a simple and straightforward process with a clear sender and receiver, and there is no feedback or possibility for misunderstandings or misinterpretations.