Botany 130 Exam 3: UW Madison

monophyletic

another word for clade

clade

a group of species that includes an ancestral species and all its descendants

eukaryote

a cell characterized by a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles. Eukaryotes can be unicellular (protists) or multicellular (fungi, plants and animals)

prokaryote

a unicellular organism that does not have a nuclear membrane, just DNA (bacteria and archaea)

how would I know if an aquatic organism (sea grass) is a land plant or not

its a land plant because its in the same clade as land plants even though it lives in the water

archaeplastida

the clade that includes all taxa with primary plastids (red algae, and land plants)

algae

a very simple eukaryote that lack stems, roots, vascular tissue, and leaves. smallest of the green plants and includes seaweeds, kelp, and algae

mutation

a random error in gene replication that leads to a change that can be either favored or not

gene flow

movement of alleles from one population to another (ex. a bee transferring pollen)

directional natural selection

favored allele favored gene increases in frequency while unfavored decreases which causes rapid fixation

genetic drift

a change in the allele frequency of a population as a result of chance events rather than natural selection (ex. population killed)

natural selection

individuals that have certain inherited traits tend to survive and reproduce at higher rates than other individuals because of those traits

does natural selection or genetic drift result in fixation faster?

natural selection because it's a powerful cause of evolution and more directional, while genetic drift is more random

embryophytes

alternate name for land plants

common ancestry

a group of organisms that share common descent and traits

who discovered evolution

Charles Darwin

biogeography

geographic distribution of species (e.g. a species moved to a different island and evolved)

what is the evidence Charles Darwin found that explains that evolution happened?

biogeography, unexpected similarities, transitional fossils, tree-like structure of taxonomy

fixation

when an alleles frequency reaches 100% in a population

homozygote

a pair of identical alleles for a gene

heterozygote

two different alleles of a particular gene, giving rise to varying offspring

what are the different ways that can cause evolution to happen?

natural selection, gene flow

when does mutation occur

mutation happens all the time but it's independent of need. It is rare that a mutation is beneficial

what is the cold receptor?

CMR1

what is the heat receptor?

VR1

what is the sweet receptors?

hT1R2 and hT1R3

how do you write the species name?

the first word is the genus name, which is a noun and always capitalized. The second word is the species name, which is an adjective and always lowercase.

what determines the relatedness or an organism to another

relatedness is determined by the last common ancestor

what is the most evolved species?

there isn't one! Every species is equally evolved

what is LUCA?

last universal common ancestor (3 Ga years ago)

chemoautotrophy

an organism obtains their energy from chemical reactions (make their own energy)

heterotrophy

an organism that has to eat other plants or animals for energy because it cannot synthesize its own food

what is another way to say a billion years ago

Ga (Giga annum)

metabolism

all of the chemical reactions that occur within an organism that take in food and grow

what is a protocell?

a piece of protoplasm that emerged spontaneously and could grow and divide and had no genetic material

autocatalytic metabolic cycle

the cycle of life with chemicals that takes in food and creates more copies

what are the three theories of the origin of life problem?

protocell came first, genes game first (RNA), and metabolism came first (autocatalytic metabolic cycle w/ chemicals)

cyanobacteria

prokaryotic bacteria that can carry out oxygenic photosynthesis, the first organisms on earth that created oxygen that originated 2.7 billion years ago

horizontal gene transfer

an organism incorporates genetic material from another organism without being the offspring of that organism

closed mitosis

nuclear envelope intact during mitosis, creates a dikaryon n+n

zygotic meiosis

zygote undergoes meiosis immediately after it is formed

dikaryotic life cycle

zygote undergoes meiosis when it is ready and in an ideal environment rather than forming right away

endosymbiosis

when a cell engulfs something and exist together

autogenous

when a cell produces organells from within, self-generating

phagocytosis

a type of endocytosis in which a cell uses engulfs large particles or whole cells

primary endosymbiosis

when a eukaryote engulfs a prokaryote (2 membranes)

secondary endosymbiosis

when a eukaryote engulfs another eukaryote (more than 2 membranes)

inside out theory

the cell expands out and engulfs

outside in theory

a cell folds in and engulfs