Chapter 2 Radiation Protection Part 2

beta particles

What are also known as beta rays and are identical to high-speed electrons except for their origin?

outside

nucleus

Electrons originate in atomic shells ___________ of the ___________

alpha particles

nuclei

radioactive atoms

Beta particles originate like __________ particles which are emitted from with the _________ of ________________ atoms

beta decay

What process occurs when a nucleus relieves instability by a neutron transforming itself into a combination of a proton and an energetic electron?

neutrino

There is also emission of another particle called a ___________, which has negligible mass and no electric charge but carries away any excess energy

8000

one

Beta particles are ___________ times lighter than alpha particles and have only _______ unit of electrical charge as compared with the alpha's two units of electrical charge

beta particles

less

___________ particles are capable of penetrating biologic matter to a much greater depth then alpha particles with far _______ ionization along their paths

no

Are ALL high-speed electrons beta radiation?

linear accelerator

Alternate sources of high-speed electrons are commonly produced in a radiation oncology treatment machine called a ___________ ______________

true

Beta particles will NOT interact as strongly with their surroundings as alpha particles. T or F

superficial skin lesions

These nonnuclear electrons are most often used to treat ______________ _______ _________________ in small areas

breast

7 to 8 cm

These nonnuclear electrons are also mist often used to deliver radiation boost treatments to ____________ tumors at tissue depths typically not exceeding ____ to ____ cm

millimeters of lead

multicentimeter of thick slabs of wood

Beta particles requires either ______________ of ______ or ______________________ thick slabs of ________ to absorb

protons

What are positively charged atomic component?

isolated proton

An _____________ proton is simply identical to an ionized hydrogen atom

1800

Protons has a mass that exceeds the mass of an electron by a factor of ________

less

Protons are generally also significantly ________ penetrating than high energy electrons

atomic number or "Z" number

The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom constitutes its ___________ ____________ or "____" _______________

neutrons

What are electrically neutral atomic component?

mass

neutrons have approximately the same ________ as a proton

isotopes

If two atoms have the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons in their nuclei, they are referred to as _________________

radioisotope

If one of these combinations of Z protons and some number of neutrons leads to an unstable nucleus, then that combination is called _______________

unstable

Isotopes that are ___________ are radioactive

radiation dose

To appreciate the relative magnitude of these exposures, it is necessary to become familiar with the quantities and units that are used to specify ___________ _________

absorbed dose

What is defined to the amount of energy per unit mass that has been absorbed in a material due to its interaction with ionizing radiation?

radiation quantity or dose

What is the absorbed dose also called?

milligray (mGy) or gray (Gy)

What units is radiation dose measured in?

harm

Nonionizing has NO potential to cause _________

damaging

Ionizing can be ______________

equivalent dose

What considers the type of ionizing radiation that was absorbed?

x-rays

In diagnostic radiology, this absorption is caused by __________

Sievert

millisievert

The Equivalent does is measured in the SI unit of ______________ (Sv) or most commonly in ____________________ (mSv)

1/1000

1 mSv = ____/_____________ of a Sievert

irritated

Another factor that plays a role in determining the degree of biologic damage that may be caused by ionizing radiation is the organs or organ systems ____________

effective dose

The contribution of radiation absorbed dose that affects different organs and organ systems, as well as the type of ionizing radiation that caused the dose, is considered in deriving the dosimetric quantity called the _____________ ________

the effective dose

Which dose is intended to be the best estimate of overall harm that might be produced by a given absorbed dose in radiation human tissue?

type

part

irritated

The Effective dose takes account both the ________ of radiation and the __________ of the body ___________

millisievert (mSv)

What unit is the effective dose measured in?

true

The standard unit of effective dose is measured the same as that of the equivalent dose. T or F

effective or equivalent

type

This signifies that when a dose value is given in mSv, the unit should be defined as either _____________ or ______________ and if it is Equivalent , the _________of radiation quantity is being expressed needs to be identified

biologic damage

While penetrating body tissue, ionizing radiation primarily causes ____________ _____________ by ejecting electrons from the atoms, composing the tissue.

cellular damage

Destructive radiation interaction at the atomic level results in molecular change, and this can cause ______________ _______________, leading to abnormal cell function or even complete loss of cell function

mutations, cataracts, and leukemia

If excessive multicellular damage occurs, the living organism will have a significant possibility in various locations of exhibiting genetic or somatic changes such as _____________ , ________________, and _______________

organic damage

Changes in blood count are classic examples of ____________ ____________ that results from nonnegligible exposure to ionizing radiation