NE101 Lec 12: Neuroanatomy II

Explores neural connections, synapses, connectomics, and communication pathways.

what location in the brain is this?

hippocampus

hippocampus function

memory

what location in the brain is this?

amygdala

amygdala function

emotion

what location in the brain is this?

basal ganglia

basal ganglia function

movement and reward

Bell’s Palsy results from trauma or damage to the ________ nerve (CN VII).

facial

CN VII controls ________ and ________ of the face.

muscle control, sensation

Bell’s Palsy causes deficits on the ________ side of the face.

ipsilateral

The ______ tract connects the motor cortex to the cranial nerve nuclei in the brainstem.

corticobulbar

The ________ muscles are controlled by bilateral projections.

upper facial

The brain carries out computations at multiple levels, from single neurons to ________ networks.

cross regional

A single neuron represents level ________ of computation.

1

Microcircuits contain about ________ to ________ neurons.

tens, hundreds

Regional networks (like the hippocampus) contain up to ________ neurons.

billions

The cerebellum has approximately ________ billion neurons.

50

The entire brain contains about ________ billion neurons.

86

The ________ stain was used by Ramón y Cajal to study neuron morphology

golgi

Tracers are used to map ________ between brain regions.

connections

A limitation of tracers is that they must be used in ________ tissue.

post mortem

Tracers cannot establish a complete ________ diagram.

wiring

______ tracers identify cells that send connections to the injection site.

retrograde

______ tracers show where neurons in a region send connections.

anterograde

Injecting a retrograde tracer in the ventral horn would show expression in the ________ motor cortex.

contralateral

Injecting an anterograde tracer in the ventral horn would show expression in ________ muscle.

skeletal

Connectomics is the cataloging of all ________ between neurons.

connections

Challenge 1: The problem in mapping neurons is that tangled ________ and ________ make it hard to distinguish individual cells.

axons, dendrites

The solution to challenge 1 was to label neurons with different colors using the ________ transgenic mouse.

brainbow

Challenge 2: brain is difficult to see through because it is composed of ________.

lipids

The solution to challenge 2 is to remove lipids and make tissue ________.

transparent

Challenge 3: light microscopes cannot determine if neurons are connected because proximity doesn’t prove ________.

synaptic contact

The solution to resolving individual synapses is ________ microscopy.

electron

what problem is this? The human brain contains about 100 billion neurons and 125 trillion connections.

scale problem