BTEC Applied Science Unit 1 Biology

0.0(0)
studied byStudied by 19 people
call kaiCall Kai
learnLearn
examPractice Test
spaced repetitionSpaced Repetition
heart puzzleMatch
flashcardsFlashcards
GameKnowt Play
Card Sorting

1/117

flashcard set

Earn XP

Description and Tags

Topics including:

Last updated 2:51 PM on 12/4/22
Name
Mastery
Learn
Test
Matching
Spaced
Call with Kai

No analytics yet

Send a link to your students to track their progress

118 Terms

1
New cards
Describe the function of the nucleolus
Produces ribosomes and RNA
2
New cards
Describe the function of the cell wall
Provides rigidity and protection to the cell
3
New cards
Describe the function of the chloroplasts
Site of photosynthesis as they contain chlorophyll
4
New cards
Describe the function of the plasmodesmata
A channel through the cell wall the allows transport of materials from one cell to another
5
New cards
Describe the function of the amyoplasts
Stores starch and converts starch back into glucose when the plant needs energy
6
New cards
Describe the function of the vacuole
Stores water and chemicals for cell use. Also maintains turgor of cell
7
New cards
Describe the function of the tonoplasts
Membrane the surrounds the vacuole. Protects the vacuole, isolates it from harmful substances and controls water flow in and out of the vacuole
8
New cards
Why are gram positive bacteria more susceptible to antibiotics?
Permeable cell wall whereas gram negative bacteria has a semi-permeable cell wall
9
New cards
Describe the adaptations found in a palisade cell
Closely packed together
Chloroplasts
Large vacuole
10
New cards
Explain why the palisade cell has a large amount of chloroplasts
To absorb lots of light for photosynthesis
11
New cards
Explain why palisade cells are closely packed together
To form a continuous layer in the leaf
12
New cards
Explain why palisade cells have a large vacuole
To maintain turgor (pushes against the cell wall to maintain rigid shape)
13
New cards
Describe the adaptations of a root hair cell
Root hair shape
Large vacuole
Thin cellulose walls
14
New cards
Explain why root hair cells have an elongated section known as the root hair
Increased surface area for maximum movement of water into the cell
15
New cards
Explain why root hair cells have a large vacuole
Contains cell sap with low water potential to encourage water into the cell
16
New cards
Explain why root hair cells have thin cellulose walls
Encourage movement of water and minerals into the cell. Short distance for osmosis and diffusion
17
New cards
Describe the adaptations of a sperm cell
Lots of mitochondria
Shaped head containing acrosome (with enzymes)
Haploid nucleus
Tail for movement
18
New cards
Explain why a sperm cell has an undulipodium (tail)
To allow the sperm to move to the egg
19
New cards
Explain why sperm cells contain large numbers of mitochondria
To produce the large amounts of energy needed for movement
20
New cards
Explain why sperm cells have a shaped head
To push through the protective layer of the egg cell
21
New cards
Explain why sperm cells contain acrosome in the head
To digest the zona pellucida to allow entry into the egg cell
22
New cards
Explain why sperm cells have a haploid nucleus
Contains half the genetic material.
23
New cards
Describe the adaptations of egg cells
Contains a haploid nucleus
Protective outer layer (zona pellucida)
Corona radiata
24
New cards
Explain why egg cells have a haploid nucleus
Contains half the genetic material
25
New cards
Explain why egg cells have a zona pellucida (protective layer)
Protects the cell and only allows one sperm cell to enter.
26
New cards
Explain why egg cells have a corona radiata (two or three layers attached to the zona pellucida)
Contains all of the proteins needed to develop the fertilised cell
27
New cards
Describe the adaptations of red blood cells
No nucleus (mammals only)
Biconcave shape
Haemoglobin
Flexible
28
New cards
Explain why red blood cells don't contain a nucleus
Allows for more oxygen to be carried in the cell
29
New cards
Explain why red blood cells have a biconcave shape
Increased surface area for gas exchange
30
New cards
Explain why red blood cells contain haemoglobin
To bind with the oxygen in order for it to be carried around the body
31
New cards
Explain why red blood cells are flexible
To fit through the tiny blood vessels such as capillaries
32
New cards
Describe the adaptations of white blood cells
Multi-lobed nucleus
Enzymes found within the lysosomes
33
New cards
Explain why white blood cells have a multi-lobed nucleus
To enable the cell to squeeze through tiny gaps when travelling to the site of infection
34
New cards
Explain why the lysosomes found within the cytoplasm of white blood cells contain enzymes
To digest engulfed pathogens
35
New cards
Name the 3 different types of epithelial tissue
Squamous epithelial tissue
Columnar epithelial tissue
Endothelium tissue
36
New cards
Describe squamous epithelial tissue
A lining tissue that is only one cell thick. Made from squamous cells that form a smooth, flat layer.
37
New cards
Where can squamous epithelial tissue be found?
As it is a lining tissue it can be found inside alveoli
38
New cards
How can squamous epithelial tissue be damaged by smoking?
Inflammation and scarring of tissue
Tissue gets thicker and produces more mucus
Diffusion pathway is increased
39
New cards
What does COPD stand for?
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disorder
40
New cards
What symptoms can be displayed from COPD?
Breathlessness
Persistent coughing
Phlegm build up
41
New cards
What conditions are considered part of COPD?
Emphysema
Bronchitis
Asthma
42
New cards
Describe columnar epithelial tissue
Column shaped ciliated cells and goblet cells held in place by a membrane
43
New cards
What is meant by the term ciliated cell?
A cell covered in cilia. Cilia are fine, hair like projections that 'sweep' away pathogens from the lungs
44
New cards
How does smoking affect ciliated columnar tissue?
The cilia can break, lessening the 'sweeping action' overall. This leads to a build-up of mucus.
45
New cards
What is the role of the goblet cell?
To produce mucus
46
New cards
How do goblet cells and ciliated cells work together?
Goblet cells produce mucus that sticks to pathogens, whilst cilia 'sweep' away the mucus containing the pathogens
47
New cards
How does smoking affect the alveoli?
Reduces the elasticity so pockets of air form that cannot be expelled
48
New cards
Where is endothelial tissue found?
Lining the inside of blood vessels, lymphatic vessels and the heart
49
New cards
Describe the structure of endothelial tissue
A layer of flattened cells, one layer thick
50
New cards
What is atherosclerosis?
The process of white blood cells encouraging the deposition of fatty substances (cholesterol) below the endothelial lining
51
New cards
What factors can increase the likelihood of atherosclerosis?
Smoking
High blood pressure
52
New cards
What conditions can atherosclerosis cause?
Angina
TIA (mini strokes)
Heart attack
Aneurysm and haemorrhage
53
New cards
Name the three types of muscle tissue
Skeletal
Cardiac
Smooth
54
New cards
What type of control is exhibited in skeletal muscle?
Voluntary control
55
New cards
What type of control is exhibited in cardiac muscle?
Involuntary control
56
New cards
What type of control is exhibited in smooth muscle?
Involuntary control
57
New cards
Where can skeletal muscle be found?
Attached to bones
58
New cards
Where can cardiac muscle be found?
In the heart
59
New cards
Where can smooth muscle be found?
In the walls of hollow organs such as the stomach and bladder
60
New cards
Put the following in order of size from largest to smallest: fibre, muscle, filaments, myofibril, bundle of fibres
Muscle, bundle of fibres, fibre, myofibril, filaments
61
New cards
Muscle fibres are many cells joined together. What organelles do these cells share?
Nuclei and cytoplasm, inside which are many mitochondria and specialised ER
62
New cards
Why do muscle cells contain many mitochondria?
To provide large amounts of energy to the muscle for contractions
63
New cards
Give the term used to describe the stripy bands seen within skeletal muscle under a microscope
Striations
64
New cards
Myofibril is made up of dark and light bands. What are the names given to these dark and light bands?
Dark band = A-band
Light band = I-band
65
New cards
Which line is present in the middle of the A-band?
M line
66
New cards
Which line is present in the middle of the I-band?
Z line
67
New cards
What is the name given to the space between two Z-lines?
Sarcomere
68
New cards
Myofibril is made up of alternating thick and thin filaments. What are the names of these filaments?
Thick = myosin filament
Thin = actin filament
69
New cards
What happens to the sarcomere during muscle contraction?
It shortens
70
New cards
What are the two types of skeletal muscle?
Fast twitch and slow twitch
71
New cards
Which sports are slow twitch muscle fibres best for?
Long distance running and cycling
72
New cards
Fast twitch muscles can be further divided into two sub-categories, what are they?
Fast twitch oxidative muscles and fast twitch glycolytic muscles
73
New cards
Which sports are fast twitch oxidative muscle fibres best for?
Mid-range sports such as1500m
74
New cards
Which sports are fast twitch glycolytic muscle fibres best for?
Sprinting, short burst sports
75
New cards
What type of exercise are slow twitch muscles designed for?
Aerobic exercise
76
New cards
What type of exercise are fast twitch muscles designed for?
Anaerobic exercise
77
New cards
In which type of muscle fibre is the speed of contraction slowest?
Slow twitch
78
New cards
In which type of muscle fibre is the speed of contraction highest?
Fast glycolytic twitch
79
New cards
Describe the characteristics of slow twitch muscle fibres
Less sarcoplasmic reticulum (specialised ER)
More mitochondria
More myoglobin
A dense capillary network
80
New cards
Describe the characteristics of fast oxidative muscle fibres
Similar to slow twitch with many mitochondria, myoglobin and capillaries
Hydrolyse ATP faster to contract more quickly
81
New cards
Describe the characteristics of fast glycolytic twitch muscle fibres
Few mitochondria and capillaries
Less myoglobin
Large concentration of glycogen for anaerobic respiration
82
New cards
What structures make up the nervous system?
Brain, spinal cord, nerves
83
New cards
What is the scientific name for nerve cells?
Neurones
84
New cards
Name the organelles of the neurone
Dendrite, cytoplasm, nucleus, soma, axon, myelin sheath, axon terminal, Schwann cell, node of Ranvier
85
New cards
What parts of the nervous system make up the central nervous system?
Brain and spinal cord
86
New cards
Which parts of the nervous system make up the peripheral nervous system?
Neurones
87
New cards
Define the term 'synapse'
The small gap in between the axon terminal of one neurone and the dendrite of the next neurone
88
New cards
Define the term 'action potential
The impulse passed along the axon
89
New cards
Define the term 'resting potential
When the neurone is not transmitting an action potential. During this time the K+/Na+ pump is at work
90
New cards
What are the 5 sensory receptors?
Touch, taste, smell, hearing, sight
91
New cards
Describe the myelin sheath
A thick insulating layer around the axon
92
New cards
Describe the dendrites
Highly branched fibres that conduct impulses
93
New cards
Describe the axon
A long single fibre that carries nerve impulses
94
New cards
Describe the Schwann Cell
A cell wrapped around the axon, forming the myelin sheath
95
New cards
Describe the nodes of Ranvier
Gap in the myelin sheath where the axon is exposed
96
New cards
Describe the differences between myelinated and non-myelinated cells
Myelinated cells are longer and can transmit impulses faster down the axon
97
New cards
Why do myelinated neurones transmit action potentials quicker than non-myelinated
Insulated by myelin sheath
Impulse 'jumps' from node to node (where the sodium gates are located)
98
New cards
What is the potential difference across the axon membrane during resting potential?
-70mV
99
New cards
What is the potential difference across the axon membrane during an action potential?
+35mV
100
New cards
What charge does the inside of an neurone have when it is polarised?
Negative

Explore top flashcards