Bio 181

Final Exam

independent variable

something that you change, "I control"

Intersexual selection

males compete for females attention by displaying gift or characteristics
- peacock feathers
- penguins making nests/presenting pebbles

Bishop Ussher

calculated the age of the earth using genesis
- earth created Oct. 23 404 BC

1st law of thermodynamic

matter can not be created or destroyed, only transformed

hypothesis

testable, expands past observations --> critical thinking
null --> nothing will happen
alternative --> something with change

2nd law of thermodynamics

every time energy is transformed some is lost (heat)

why can't viruses be considered alive? They can't...

read and code for DNA
reproduce on their own
harness energy convert energy

eukaryotes

nucleus
large
multi and single celled
in plants, animals, fungi, protists

negative selection

decreases the frequency of bad alleles

types of mutations

somatic or germline

somatic mutations

nonreproductive cells, do not get passed from gen to gen

germline mutation

sex cells, passed from gen to gen

humans role in evolution

genetic engineering
poaching
creating environments that allow for over-population

ecology

how organisms interact with each other and their environments

biology

the study of how life works

translation

RNA to tRNA, through proteins

transcription

turns DNA into RNA

Jean-Baptist Lamarck

French naturalists --> claimed evolution had a goal, a tendency toward perfection
--> inheritance of acquired characteristics
--> selective use and disuse (body parts that were used more
got bigger)

Thomas Malthus

english economist, if humans pop kept growing --> we would run out of resources to care for them

Charles Lyell

scottish geologist, uniformitarianism: thought the earth was millions of years old
- observed natural phenomes

prokaryotes

- small
-shaped: spheres, rods, cubes, spiral
no nucleus or organelles
well wall

The cell

smallest unit of life

types of natural selection

directional
stabilizing
disruptive
balancing
- heterozygous advantage

Balancing selection - heterozygous selection -

maintaining two or more alleles in a pop because of different environment pressure

disruptive selection

both extremes are at an advantage

stabilizing selection

selecting for the average --> in between two exchanges

example - birth weight

directional selection

favors one individual phenotypes
--> towards the extreme
--> moves one direction

evolution

change in allele frequency over times
change in populations

Hardy Weinberg equilibrium

1. no natural selection
2. no mutation
3. no migration
4. large population
5. random mating

population

interbreeding groups of organisms of the same species living in the same area

gene pool

all the different alleles/genotypes in the population

species

Reproductively isolated

Darwin's History

Born in england, dropped out of med school, became of clergyman
HMS Beagle Voyage --> Galapagos Islands --> finches

gene flow/ migration

introduces or removes genes into/from populations

post modern synthesis

natural selection and genetics(DNA), ecology/evolution, and population genetics all working together

characteristics of life

- organization
- energy required
- change in response to environment
- ability to reproduce
- evolve

genetic drift

random change in allele frequency
- Bottleneck event
- Founders event

Bottleneck event

an event natural/human caused --> only small amount of individuals survive

founder event

few individuals start new population

controlled experiment

tests hypothesis
quantifiable and repeatable
two groups
- control: baseline, no treatment
- experimental/test: introduce varible

experimental study

direct manipulation: treatment, observe response to variables
can determine causation

observational study

no intervention/manipulation: just watching what is happening
correlation not causation

dependent variable

constant, already occurs
gets affected by the independent variable

intrasexual selection

members of one sex compete with each other for the other sex

sexual selection

nonrandom mating
types --> inter and intra

fitness

the ability for an animal to survive and reproduce
the longer they live the more offspring they have, the more their genes are present in the population

raw material of evolution

genetic material/variation - sexual recombinations, mutations
survival of the fittest

Darwin's Natural Selection

1. all organisms are genetically different
2. more offsprings are produced than the environment can support to reproductive age
3. the offspring that do survive, have a genetic advantage
4. over time these characteristics become more common in the population

Darwin after the voyage

he researched and cataloged his finding for 20 years until Wallace sent him a letter detailing his similar findings, Darwin published his book within a year.

positive selection

natural selection that increases frequency of an advantageous allel

ordovician

climate change, falling seas
85% death rate

permian

volcano eruption, global warming, increase in chemicals
95% death rate

Triassic causes

increase in Methane and CO2, global warming
76% death rate

Devonian

asteroid impact, rapid global cooling
70% death rate

K-T

asteroid impact, volcanic eruption, falling sea level
80% death rate

6 mass extinction events

1. Ordovician
2. Devonian
3. Permian
4. Triassic
5. K-T
6. present time

present extinction

human activity --> unsustainable use of energy, natural resources
climate change

climate change

increase natural selection, fewer species will survive
causes an increase in natural disasters

volcanic eruptions

releases chemicals/lava --> destroy habitats
increases planet temp

root

end of the phylogenetic tree, where the ancestry begins

synopomorphy

shared common trait

biotic factors

biological, living organism

monophyletic

common ancestors + all decedents --> clade

demography

analytical study of population characteristics

k - strategists

parental investment, internal fertilization, stable environments, fewer offspring
type one survivorship curve

asteroid impacts

debris in air, collision destroys habitat

R-strategist

no parental investment, external fertilization, unstable environments, many offspring
type 3 on the survivorship curve

metapopulation

population that has been separated by habitat fragmentation
usually by human infrastructure

community ecology

the study of many different populations of different species,
how they interact with each other

antagonistic

at least one organism is losing because of the interaction

types of antagonistic relationships

competition
predation
herbivatory
parasitism

interspecific competition

competition between two different species

intraspecific competition

between members of the same species

competitive exclusion

one species goes extinct due to competition

resource partitioning

species with similar niches change their niiche so that they can co-exist

role of disturbance in the environment

causes a rapid change in the environment, community/ecosystems become more adaptable to change
succession

succession

predictable changes in a community over time, after a disturbance

primary succession

when there is no soil

pioneer species

lichens, moss --> help break up ground for soil

branch

only the main branch shows evolutionary time
- common ancestor population

what fossils teach us

1. evolutionary history
2. record of the past/extinct animals
3. puts evolution in context of the history of life
4. helps build phylogenetic trees

secondary succession

with soil

climax community

reached it's full potential, no more changes, stable

what ecologist study

the distribution, range, relationships, abundance between organisms, population, and species to each other and the environment

levels of ecology

Biosphere
ecosystem
community
population
organism

taxonomy

the study of naming and classifying organisms

phylogeny

evolutionary history of species, common ancestor/decedents/evolution of characteristics

minimum viable population

the smallest number of individuals a population can have and still be successful

carrying capacity

the most about of individuals a population can have and still be successfulsi

sister group

species groups that are more closely related to each other than any other group

factors of emigration

loss of resources, availability of dispersal mechanisms

density dependent factors

factors that change population based on its density
- limiting

growth rate with carrying capacity

r*N((k-n)/k)
r = per capita growth rate
n = population total
k = carrying-capacity

factors that increase population size - Birth

the number of reproductive episodes per lifetime
the number of offspring per reproductive episode
age at first reproductive episode

factors of immigration

availability of dispersal mechanisms, and suitable habitat

factors that decrease pop size - Death

poaching, disease, predation, nutrient availability

changes in sea level

rise: flooding --> destroys habitats, kills animals
drop: glacial periods

oxygen in atmosphere

to little --> ozone layer will lessen, expose earth to sun

abiotic factors

nonliving, effect organism

parsimony

most likely outcome of a phylogenetic tree
- least amount of evolutionary events