TExES Social Studies 7-12 (232) World History Competency 003 (B & C Europe, France, England, Renaissance, Scientific Revolution, Enlightenment, Spain)

Printing Press

This was invented by Guttenberg

Northern Renaissance

The main focus of this was literature which included Erasmus, More, and Shakespeare

Thomas More

He was against the Protestant Reformation and was honored in the Soviet Union for his communistic attitude in his work Utopia

Erasmus

Was tied to the reformation of the Catholic Church and denounced much of the Protestant Reformation emphasizing a middle way, with a deep respect for traditional faith rejecting Luther's emphasis on faith alone.

John Calvin

He believed in predestination which was the belief that God had previously determined who was going to be saved and who was damned

Holy Roman Empire

This was controlled by the Hapsburg family which was a fragmented empire centered in Austria-Hungary (Germany, Bohemia, Switzerland, Northern Italy)

Holy Roman Empire

This declined as a result of the invasions by Ottoman Turks, which captured Hungary, and the 30 years war

Holy Roman Empire

Following the peace negotiated at the end of the 30 Years War this empire was in significant decline with no real power lasting until 1806

30 Years War

This was a conflict that centered in Europe as a result of the attempts by the Holy Roman Empire to force subjects to return to the Roman Catholic faith

30 Years War

Much of Europe was involved in this conflict including Spain, France, and Netherlands

Peace of Westphalia

This effectively ended the 30 Years War leaving the Holy Roman Empire significantly weakened

Peace of Westphalia

This gave German states their independence with Prussia emerging as the most powerful

Peace of Westphalia

Switzerland gained its independence with France gaining new territories

Peace of Westphalia

The most significant aspect of this was the establishment of nation-states in Europe where sovereign states were given authority to govern themselves.

European Balance of Power

This concept originated after the 30 Years War and the Peace of Westphalia due to the fear of sovereign nations that any single nation in Europe might come to dominate others

Alliances

These were formed among nation-states in response to perceived threats in the balance of power as nations sought to limit the power of any one nation

Alliances

This concept led to the formation of alliances playing a significant role in the start of World War I

Absolutism

This was a political theory that monarchs have complete control over their subjects by divine right

Divine Right

This asserts that the right to rule was given to monarchs from God

Absolutism

The monarch had absolute authority to make all laws, though he stood above the law, and establish domestic and foreign policy

Absolutism

This was best displayed by the actions of Louis the XIV who revoked the Edict of Nantes and the construction of Versailles

Edict of Nantes

This granted Calvinists, or Huguenots, rights in a Catholic nation in an effort to promote civil unity

Magna Carta

This established peace between the monarch and barons in England that promised the protection of church rights, protection of barons from illegal imprisonment, swift justice, and limitations of feudal payments to the Crown.

Henry VIII

He established the Church of England, Anglican Church, voiding the popes authority so he could divorce his wife Catherine of Aragon who could not bear a male heir.

Henry VIII

As a result of severing ties with the Roman Catholic Church he gained control of the church's wealth increasing the power of the monarchy and encouraging future monarchs to rule with absolute authority.

Act of Supremacy

This named the monarch as head of the Anglican Church

Louis XIV

He was known as the sun king who asserted his divine right to rule

Louis XIV

Quoted as saying I am the state

Cardinal Richelieu

He helped Louis XIV to build a centralized bureaucracy that insured complete loyalty to the king

Versailles

This palace was built by Louis XIV and French nobility were invited to take up residence here

Estates General

This was the law making body of France under XIV that was never called on during his reign furthering his absolute authority

English Civil War

This was a conflict between supporters of the English Monarchy and members of English parliament seeking a constitutional state

James I

This monarch in England asserted his divine right felt no obligation to meet with English Parliament, planting the seeds for the English Civil War

Charles I

Son of James I refused to meet with Parliament until it became necessary for money

Petition of Right

Parliament forced Charles I to agree to this which limited taxation and forbade arbitrary arrest and imprisonment

Petition of Right

Charles I ignored this petition and refused to call on Parliament again until he needed more money

Long Parliament

This met and sought to limit the authority of the monarch and in response, Charles I led a group of soldiers into Parliament attempting to arrest his critics; the English Civil War quickly followed this

John Locke

His writings influenced the constitutional monarchy limiting the authority of the monarchy following the English Civil War

Oliver Cromwell

He briefly reigned following the English Civil War serving as Lord Protector

The Restoration

Upon Oliver Cromwell's death this occurred with the invitation of the royal family to return to the throne

Charles I

He was executed following the English Civil War however his son was invited to rule to serve as a limited monarch

Charles II

Ruled England after agreeing to the writ of habeas corpus, protecting people from arbitrary arrest

James II

He took control following Charles II however as he was a Catholic and believer in the divine right theory he was quickly removed from power

William

Son of James II was invited to rule so long as he agreed to the English Bill of Rights

Glorious Revolution

This occurred when Parliament invited William and Mary to invade England and overthrow James II who married a Catholic ushering in the English Bill of Rights

English Bill of Rights

This established that all of England's future monarchs would be Anglican and that the monarchs power was to be limited.

English Bill of Rights

This prohibited the quartering of soldiers, passing taxes without the approval of the Parliament and censoring freedom of speech.

Scientific Revolution

This began as scientists began to challenge the validity of classical ideas ad reflected the growing secularization of European society

Copernicus

His heliocentric theory based on mathematical proof later helped the launch of the scientific revolution

Galileo

He learned to build telescopes and was known as the father of observational astronomy. His observations of the skies found evidence of the heliocentric theory

Newton

Used observation and math to prove his theories including universal gravitation

Descartes

He focused on the importance of reason and its essential role in the quest for truth

Scientific Method

This was developed during the scientific revolution by stating a problem, gathering data, forming hypothesis, experimenting and drawing conclusions

Deism

This was a belief that a powerful god played a role in the creation of the universe but asserts God simply oversees the world and allows it to function on the basis of natural laws

Deism

This emerged int he wake of the scientific revolution and has a clear focus on an orderly universe based on nature and reason

Deism

This was a large influence on scientists and philosophers to include Thomas Jefferson

Enlightenment

This was also known as the Age of Reason where the application of natural laws and reasoning led to new thinking in regard to human behavior

Enlightenment

Thinkers began to reject traditional ideas and apply principles of reason and nature to government

John Locke

He proposed the radical idea of natural rights claiming that the purpose of government was to protect the natural rights of life, liberty, and property

John Locke

He argued that people have the right and responsibility to rebel against a ruler who fails to protect their natural rights

Rousseau

He argued in the Social Contract that in forming governments people must give up their own interests for the common good

Voltaire

He advocated that people have the right to freedom of speech, press and religion

Montesquieu

He set about describing the perfect government system where three branches of government have separate powers that check and balance each other

European Exploration

This was prompted by avoiding established land routes through Muslim controlled areas and taxes to find a more efficient water trade route to Asian markets

Christian Religion

European exploration was prompted by the spread of this along with political status and extending the cultivation of cash crops.

Astrolobe

This was a device that helped sailors determine latitude

Magnetic Compass

This Chinese invention made it possible to navigate long distances in open water

Dias

Portuguese explorer who rounded Cape of Good Hope on the southern tip of Africa ending his journey in the Indian Ocean

Vasco da Gama

Portuguese explorer who established a trade route to India by rounding the Cape of Good Hope opening Europe to the Asian spice market

Columbus

Landed in the Caribbean discovering the New World in his attempt to find a western water route to Asian markets

Magellan

Was the first European to cross the Pacific Ocean

Commercial Revolution

The changing nature of trade and business was known as this as nations competed to expand their empires overseas

Commercial Revolution

The establishment of large colonial empires generated great wealth during this period and led to the establishment of the Joint Stock Company

Mercantilism

This is an economic theory where European nations would export more than it imports

Mercantilism

This theory was rejected in Adam Smith's Wealth of Nations

Trading Posts

The Portuguese were the first to build these with the first being established in Calicut by da Gama

Joint Stock Company

This was a commercial venture spurring exploration bringing investors together to minimize risks

Joint Stock Company

Shares were bought by individuals and shared investment was used to buy ships and finance trade. These were privately held with government support

Dutch East India Company

This established a monopoly over the spice trade with trade routes secured in Indonesia

Spanish Colonial Hierarchy

Following the destruction of the Aztecs and Incas Mexico and Peru were overseen by a viceroy that were responsible for enforcing colonial policy. As a result, this emerged based on birth

Peninsulares

This refers to those who were born in Span but resided in Mexico or Peru and were atop the social hierarchy

Creoles

This refers to those born in the colonies to Spanish parents and were second in the social hierarchy

Mesitzos

This refers to people with both European and native ancestors who were third in the social hierarchy

Mulattoes

This refers to people of mixed European and African descent who were fourth in the social hierarchy

Africans

This group of people rounded out the fifth social hierarchy and were most likely slaves

Missionaries

These quickly followed European explorers to the New World carried out by Jesuits, Franciscans to convert natives and spread Christianity

Syncretic Beliefs

This was a term to describe natives that blended elements of their traditional beliefs with new ideas introduced by missionaries

North American Colonies

These were routinely founded by private investors contrary to colonial empires of Spain and Portugal

Agrarian Empires

In Latin America these were established or found from the native tribes in the region unlike the North Americans who encountered natives that were still hunter-gatherers

Encomienda System

This is a feudal like system that used forced labor established by the Spanish in the New World to ensure a cheap labor supply

Encomienda

This was the grant of Indians to a Spanish landowner for the purpose of labor

Encomendero

Spanish landowner

Encomienda System

Because the natives were treated so harshly this system collapsed forcing the Spaniards to import slaves from Africa to replace the labor supply

Haciendas

These were large agricultural estates in colonial Latin America where pigs and wheat were cultivated

Haciendas

These agricultural estates tended to be self sufficient with little intent on making a profit

Peons

These were peasants working on a hacienda

Mita System

Developed in Peru this system forced native Indians to work several months a year on plantations, mines or public works projects and were rarely compensated

Mita System

This system was harsh, in particular the mines, which was later replaced with a more profitable labor system where workers were given a fair wage and better working conditions (incentives)

Sugar

This was the most important crop in the Portuguese colony of Brazil

Engenho

This is a sugar mill that became the center of Brazilian colonial life