PUBHLTH 370 Exam 3

coronary heart disease (CHD)

disease of blood vessels to heart; reduced coronary blood flow; major event is myocardial infarction

cerebrovascular disease

disease of blood vessels to brain

peripheral arterial disease

disease of blood vessels to arms/legs

congestive arterial disease

heart unable to pump enough

rheumatic heart disease

damage to heart by bacteria

congenital heart disease

malformed heart at birth

deep vein thrombosis

blood clots in leg veins

hypertension

blood pressure consistently elevated

cardiovascular disease (trend)

the leading cause of death in the US and globally

1/5. 1/3

In 2021: CVD responsible for __ deaths in US and globally

non-hispanic White adults

race with the highest prevalence of heart disease

non-hispanic black adults

race with the highest death rate for heart disease

cardiovascular disease

organ system that distributes blood to all parts of the body; major function is transportation

arteries

carries blood from heart to tissues

veins

carries blood back to the heart

capillaries

connecting links between arteries and veins

blood

delivers O2 and nutrients to tissues, receives CO2 and waste from tissues

atria

upper chambers

ventricles

lower chambers

myocardium

thick cardiac muscle, chamber walls

endocardium

inner lining of heart, joins arteries and veins to heart for closed system

pericardium

double-layered membrane enclosing heart, holds it in place, 1st line of defense, includes pericardial fluid

pulmonary circulation

exchange of O2 and CO2 between atmosphere and body; right side of heart, pulmonary artery, capillaries, and veins; low pressure to maximize gas exchange in lungs

pulmonary artery

carries deoxygenated blood to lungs

pulmonary vein

carries oxygenated blood back to heart

systemic circulation

all arteries, capillaries, and veins; motored by left side of heart; higher pressure because need to work against resistance to get to peripheral tissues; includes coronary circulation

perfusion

process of forcing blood or other fluid to flow through a vessel and into vascular bed of tissue to provide oxygen and other nutrients

cardiac conduction

electrical signaling required for heart pump

SA node fires

step 1 of cardiac conduction

excitation spreads through atrial myocardium

step 2 of cardiac conduction

AV node fires

step 3 of cardiac conduction

excitation spreads down AV bundle

step 4 of cardiac conduction

purkinjie fibers distribute excitation through ventricular myocardium

step 5 of cardiac conduction

conduction of impulses

passage of ions (sodium, calcium, potassium) generate electrical impulses along cell membranes

cardiac output

heart’s efficiency to pump optimal amounts of blood

stroke volume

amount of blood pumped out of one ventricle in a single beat

heart rate

number of heart beats that occur in 1 minute

3.5 L/min - 8 L/min

average cardiac output in adults

acetylcholine

neurotransmitter that decreases heart rate

epinephrine and norepinephrine

neurotransmitters that increase heart rate

blood pressure

force of blood on artery walls

contraction, peripheral, elasticity, viscosity

blood pressure maintained by:
___of the left ventricle
___vascular resistance
___of the arterial walls
____and volume of blood

systolic

amount of pressure exerted during contraction of left ventricle and ejection of blood into aorta

diastolic

amount of pressure that remains in aorta during resting phase of cardiac cycle

increase in diastolic blood pressure

arteries cannot rest appropriately

decrease in diastolic blood pressure

due to lack of resistance in aorta, backflow of blood

korotkoff sounds

measuring blood pressure

baroreceptors

located throughout blood vessels and heart, sense pressure changes in arteries

beta-1

receptors to increase cardiac output

alpha-1

receptors to induce vasoconstriction

chemoreceptors

in aorta and carotid arteries, feedback to alter ventilation and vasoconstrict

antidiuretic hormone (vasopressin)

vasoconstrictor, can retain fluids, increase blood volume

arteriosclerosis

thickening/hardening of walls

atherosclerosis

thickening/narrowing of walls due to plaque build up (trapping of LDL)

hypertension

sustained and excessively high blood pressure; major risk factor for heart disease, stroke, and kidney disease

secondary hypertension

hypertension due to other disease

symptoms of hypertension

symptoms often absent but may include headache and dizziness

aneurysms

abnormal dilation of the arteries, due to weakness in vessel wall; may hemorrhage

fusiform aneurysms

aneurysm that is unfiorm, tapered at both ends

saccular aneurysms

aneurysms that outpouch wall

peripheral arterial disease

reduced blood flow and O2 supply to peripheral arteries

intermittent claudication

causes pain with walking; low pulse in leg/foot; feel cool to touch; risk for ulcers and infection

heart attack/myocardial infarction

blockage that prevents blood flowing to heart; can be due to atherosclerosis or plaques

plaque

deposits of fatty substances, cholesterol, cellular waste, calcium in inner lining of artery

stroke

blockage that prevents blood flowing to brain; bleeding vessel or blood clots

hypercholesterolemia

cholesterol comes from body (liver) and food that results in high levels of cholesterol in the blood, increasing the risk of cardiovascular disease.

triglycerides

make clearance of cholesterol from blood more difficult

low-density lipoprotein (LDL)

carries the majority of cholesterol to body tissues, accumulation of LDL forms plaque

high-density lipoprotein (HDL)

carries cholesterol away from arteries/liver to be eliminated

normal cholesterol

<200 mg/dL

borderline high cholesterol

200-239 mg/dL

high cholesterol

≥ 240 mg/dL

optimal LDL-c

< 100 mg/dL

near optimal LDL-c

100-129 mg/dL

borderline high LDL

130-159 mg/dL

high LDL

160-189 mg/dL

very high LDL

≥ 190 mg/dL

sub-optimal (low) HDL

< 40 mg/dL

optimal HDL

≥ 60 mg/dL

normal triglycerides

< 150 mg/dL

borderline high triglycerides

150-199 mg/dL

high triglycerides

200-499 mg/dL

very high triglycerides

≥ 500 mg/dL

arrythmias

irregularity in the rhythm of the heart beat

tachycardia

racing of heart in absence of exercise or anxiety

bradycardia

abnormal slow heartbeat

fibrillation

heart beat is sporadic, quivering pattern

auscultation

listening with stethoscope

electrocardiogram (ECG/EKG)

electrical recording of heart action

echocardiography (ultrasound)

time-motion recording of heart movement and measures

doppler

can view blood-flow and velocity

exercise tolerance/stress test

monitors EKG and blood pressure during exercise

cardiac catheterization

measure O2 content and pressure in heart chambers using a catheter

chest radiograph

chest xray; evaluate heart size and position, look for pulmonary congestion

coronary heart disease (CHD)

reduced coronary blood flow; major even is myocardial infarction

CHD risk factors

HT, family history, sedentary lifestyle, overweight, hyperlipidemia, atherosclerosis, smoking

CHD symptoms

angina, palpitations, syncope, dizziness, weakness, shortness of breath

CHF risk factors

increase in age, CHD, HT, atherosclerosis, diabetes

CHF symptoms

ankle swelling, shortness of breath, fatigue, neck vein swelling, pulmonary edema, abnormal heart sounds

congestive heart failure (CHF)

reduced ability of heart to pump blood, no cure