human parasitology-22 juvenile nematode infections

Cutaneous larva migrans

live on skin, il3 of dog and cat hookworm, species is ancylostoma braziliense

visceral larva migrans

live internally but they cannot become adult, species are toxocariasis, angiostrongyliasis, anisakiasis

Ancylostoma

cutaneous larva migrans, creeping eruption is sign of infection, in many countries

creeping eruption

most common cause of infection by il3 of dog and cat hookworms, aka hrclm

ancylostoma history- 1874 RJ Lee

described creeping eruption

Ancylostoma history- 1929 JL Kirby Smith

reported HrCLM

Ancylostoma life cycle

A braziliense is common agent for clm

Ancylostoma pathology

creeping eruption, itching, scratching, host inflammatory response, pruritus

Ancylostoma diagnosis, therapy, genome

skin lesions, ivermectin and albendazole, 30000 genes

Toxocara VLM

dog and cat roundworms, toxocara canis and cati, can’t complete life cycle in humans

Toxocara background

toxocariasis is worldwide, second common agent of helminth infection, 2.8 million african americans affected

Toxocara history- Helenor Foerstero

found toxocara larva in child’s eye

Toxocara history- Paul Beaver

linked chronic eosinophilia to vlm

Toxocara life cycle

toxocara develop to il3 in ovo, dog roundworm infect transplacentally, human infected by eating undercooked meat

Toxocara pathology

visceral larva migrans, ocular larva migrans, neural larva migrans go to brain, covert toxocariasis cause cough headache, abdominal pain

Toxocara diagnosis and therapy

by serological assays, antiinflammatory drugs and benzimidazoles

Toxocara genome

18000 protein coding genes,

has scp, cutical metabolism genes, t e and s proteins

Angiostrongylus

rat lungworm, cause eosinophilic meningitis and meningioencephalitis, hawaii is epicenter

Angiostrongylus history- 1955

found life cycle involved snails

Angiostrongylus history- 1935 HT Chen

found nematode in lung of rat

Angiostrongylus life cycle

host is rat, intermediate host is snails and slugs, paratenic host is pigs and cattle

Angiostrongylus species

total 20 species, a cantonensis and a costaricensis infect humans, a vasorum infect dogs and fox

Angiostrongylus pathology

larvae stay in the brain, eosinophilic meningitis

Angiostrongylus diagnosis and therapy

find larvae in csf or eye, albendazole or mebendazole

Angiostrongylus genome

has galectins, 31000 unique genes, 34 e and s proteins

Anisakis

by anisakis simplex, 20000 cases in world

Anisakis history

larvae are found in cod, haddock, herring, mackerel

anisakis life cycle

definitive host is marine mammals, l2 taken by shrimp, shrimp eaten by fish or squid, fish eaten by definitive host

Anisakis pathology

cause gastric, intestinal, extra intestinal, allergic syndromes, there are 14 allergens

Anisakis diagnosis and therapy

find larvae by endoscopy, surgery

Anisakis genome

18000 proteins, 7000 protein coding genes, has enzyme trehalase

mammalian trehalases

humans don’t have trehalose,