Endorine system

Endocrine system

Controls body functions using hormones released into bloodstream

Hypothalamus

Releases releasing hormones that tell pituitary gland to release hormones

Brain

Where is hypothalamus located?

Switchboard

Key idea: Hypothalamus is the body's control center, which is also known as?

Negative feedback system

When hormone levels are too high, hypothalamus signals pituitary gland to stop hormone production

Pituitary Gland

Called the master gland because it controls most other endocrine glands

Master gland

What is pituitary gland also known as?

What are the pituitary gland hormones?

Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)

Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)

Follicle Stimulating Hormone

Which hormone is important for female reproduction?

Luteinizing Hormone

Which hormone controls the reproductive cycle?

Antidiuretic Hormone

Which hormone prevents the water loss by kidneys?

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone

Which hormone stimulates thyroid gland?

Gonads (Sex Organs)

Releases hormones after stimulating by pituitary gland

Female

Ovaries

Estrogen and Progesterone

What does female hormone releases?

Male

Testes

Androgen and testosterone

What does a male hormone produce?

Thyroid Gland

Contols metabolism

Secretes cortisol which regulates blood and bone calcium

Regulates body's temperature and weight

Neck

Where is thyroid gland located?

T3 - triiodothyronine

T4 - thyroxine

What are the hormones produced by thyroid gland?

Stimulates body tissues

Increase oxygen use

Control metabolism

- Stimulates every tissue in the body to produce proteins and increase oxygen use by cell

What does T3 and T4 these two hormones do?

Energy Switch

Think of the thyroid hormones as the body's, what?

Calcitonin

What pushes calcium into bones?

Puts calcium into bone

If the calcitonin is low, the calcium stays in blood, bones become weak and fractures may occur

What happens is calcitonin is low?

Parathyroid Gland

Responsible for concentration of sodium and calcium in the blood and urine

Control calcium balances

On the surface of thyroid

Where is parathyroid gland located?

Four gland

How many gland does the parathyroid gland have?

Parathoromone (PTH)

What does parathyroid gland hormone produced?

Parathoromone

Pulls calcium from the bone into bloodstream

Pulls calcium out of bone

Helps regulate calcium levels

Calcitonin and Parathoromone

Which hormones balance the calcium levels?

Pancreas

Which gland have a two major functions?

Abdominal cavity

Where is Pancrea located?

Digestive Function

Secretes digestive enzymes that help digest food

Blood Sugar Control

Regulates blood glucose through secretions of hormones

Digestive Function and Blood Sugar Control

What are the two major functions of pancreas?

Insulin and Glucagon

What are the hormones secreted by blood sugar control?

Insulin

Decrease blood glucose and moves glucose into cell

Glucagon

Increase blood glucose

Liver

Which organ that helps pancreas control glucose levels?

Adrenal Glands

Secrete cortisol and glucocorticoids to control fight or flight response

Above kidneys

Where is Adrenal gland located?

Two

How many is under the adrenal gland?

Inner Medulla (Adrenal Medulla)

Secretes epinephrine (adrenaline) in respones to stressful situations

Epinephrine

Controls fight or flight response

Effects:

Increased - heart rate, blood pressure, blood glucose levels, blood flow to muscles and brain and dilated airways

Outer Cortex (Adrenal Cortex)

Produces glucocorticoids and secretes cortisol

Effects:

Maintain - blood pressure and glucose levels, control metabolism, reduce immune response, help body deal with stress

Pineal Gland

Where does pineal gland located? Brain.

Melatonin

What hormone does pineal gland produce?

Melatonin

Help us sleep; thus during winter months nights, we feel sleepier.

In respone to input from eyes. Control sleep cycle.

Key idea: more light → less melatonin

Less light → more melatonin→ sleepiness

Hypothyroidism

Hyperthyroidism

• Graves Disease

• Thyroid Storm

What are the medications for Thyroid Disorders?

Hypothyroidism

This indicates thyroid hormones decreased levels

Too little thyroid hormone

Low energy

Fatigue

Slow metabolism

Weight gain

What are the effects of hypothyroidism?

Myxedema and Cretinism

What are the complications of hypothyroidism?

Myxedema

Skin and tissue disorder caused by prolonged hypothyroidism

Difficult to treat

Cretinism

Slowed brain growth in children

Caused by hypothyroidism in utero and early pregnancy

Mental and growth retardiation

What happens when the cretinism (complication) of hypothyroidism are without rapid treatment?

Hormone replacement therapy

Hypothyroidism treatment is also known as?

• oral dose of thyroid hormones

Natural resources and Synthetically manufactured

What type of medication does hypothyroidism have?

Armour thyroid

Bio thyroid

Liohyronine (cytomel)

Prepared from natural resources from hypothyroidism medications

Levothyroxine (Synthyroid, Levoeyl)

Synthetically manufactured from hypothyroidism medication

Important: safe in pregnancy

Caution: ederly, heart problems, diabetes, breastfeeding

When taking hypothyroidism medications what are the reminders?

Hyperthyroidism

Excess of thyroid hormones

Too much thyroid hormones

Thyroidectomy - surgical removal of thyroid

Radioactive Iodine (I-131) - damage thyroid and taken by mouth

Other anti thyroid drugs

• Propylthiouracil

• Methimazole (northyx, tapazole)

Ehat are the treatment/medication options of hyperthyroidism?

Pregnancy and breastfeeding

Avoid these medications or treatments of hyperthyroidism during?

Graves Disease

This is a type of hyperthyroidism

Bulging eyes

Hyperactive metabolism

Weight loss

Goiter

What are the effects or characteristics of graves disease?

Thyroid storm (If hyperthyroidism is untreated)

A rare, life-threatening, and extreme form of hyperthyroidism characterized by the sudden release of excessive thyroid hormones, causing severe hypermetabolism

Tachycardia

Chest pain

Heart failure

High fever

Sweating

Shortness of breath

Anxiety

Confusion

What are the symptoms of thyroid storm?