nicotine & caffeine

nicotine

psychoactive component of tobacco

leaves, smoked, chewed

nicotine is found in the __________ of the tobacco plant; absorbed when tobacco is __________ or __________

nicotiana tabacum

most commonly used tobacco plant for extracting nicotine

cigarette

tobacco blend rolled in a thin sheet of paper

cigar

tightly rolled bundle of dried tobacco leaves wrapped in a leaf

10, 1-2

cigarettes contain about __________ mg of nicotine; __________ mg get absorbed

wide variety

nicotine content in cigars

hookah

a charcoal-heated waterpipe allowing for tobacco smoke inhalation

middle east, western

hookah has been a common method of smoking in the ___________ for centuries; gaining popularity in __________ cultures

25x

amount of tar in a hookah compared to a cigarette

smokeless tobacco

a tobacco form intended for absorption in the mouth

chewing tobacco, snuff, dipping tobacco

3 types of smokeless tobacco

0.3 to 4, 15

e-cigarettes contain __________ mg of nicotine per __________ puffs

europe, asia, central america, south america

4 regions with the highest smoking rates worldwide

60%

more than __________ of males smoke in russia and china

cancer, cardiovascular issues, pulmonary disease

3 major adverse effects of tobacco use

lung, mouth

2 types of cancer that can be caused by smoking/tobacco use

heart attack, stroke

2 types of cardiovascular issues that can be caused by tobacco use

emphysema, bronchitis

2 pulmonary issues that can be caused by tobacco use

asthma, bronchitis, pneumonia, ear infections, SIDS

5 possible adverse effects of secondhand smoke in children

thirdhand smoke

remnants from tobacco smoking gathered on material in the smoker’s local environment after smoking has finished

formaldehyde

chemical used for pickling/preserving organic materials

toluene, xylene, formaldehyde, acetaldehyde

4 harmful organic compounds found in e-cigarette vapors

glycerin

creates the appearance of smoke on the exhale from an e-cigarette

quicker

damage from e-cigarette smoking accumulates much __________ than with smoking regular cigarettes

tobacco

used by indigenous people as a part of religious ceremonies in the americas

mid-16th century

tobacco use was widespread in europe by the __________

mouth cancer

(1) 1775: samuel thomas von sommering links smoking to __________

non-smokers live longer than smokers

(2) 1938: raymond pearl discovers that __________

lung cancer

(3) 1964: surgeon general luther l terry declares smoking causes __________

congressional hearing

(4) 1994: what event occurs relating to tobacco companies?

tobacco master settlement agreement

(5) 1998: result of the 1994 congressional hearing into tobacco companies

mucous membranes, lungs

2 places nicotine is absorbed through

tar

sticks to the mouth, nose, throat, and lungs; nicotine leaches out

flue curing

treating leaves with vented heat, allowing cigarette smoke to be inhaled

neutral pH

flue curing produces __________ of tobacco smoke

large surface area

what makes the lungs such an effective route for nicotine to be absorbed into the bloodstream?

12-16 ng/mL

blood concentration yield of most nicotine products

7 min

absorption rate for cigarettes

20 min

absorption rate for oral products

20-30 min

absorption rate for e-cigarettes

small, uncharged, lipid, easily

distribution of nicotine: circulating nicotine is __________, __________, and __________ soluble; __________ crosses the BBB

CYP-2A6

enzymes that metabolize nicotine in the liver

liver

where does nicotine metabolism occur for the most part?

cotinine

active metabolite produced from nicotine

17 hours

half life of cotinine

asian

polymorphisms influencing CYP-2A6 and metabolism of nicotine are common in __________ population

2 hours

half life of nicotine

30%

how much faster is a smoker’s elimination rate of nicotine compared to a nonsmoker?

pharmacokinetic sensitization

term that explains the difference in nicotine elimination rates in smokers vs nonsmokers

urine

what nicotine is eliminated through?

nicotinic ACh receptor

receptor important in pharmacodynamics of nicotine

ionotropic

what type of receptor is the nicotinic ACh receptor?

agonist

what type of effect does nicotine have on the nicotinic ACh receptor?

Ca2+, Na+, K+

what ions does the nicotinic ACh receptor allow?

alpha, beta

each nicotinic receptor comprises a configuration of __________ and __________ subunits that affect how well each ion can pass

opens, depolarization

nicotine binding __________ ion channels and causes __________ AT FIRST

desensitize

nicotinic receptors __________, causing the channels to close and fail to be activated further

functional antagonism

an indirect or atypical means of inhibiting a receptor’s activity

inactivated, activated

nicotine causes the receptors to have a longer __________ state than __________ state

upregulate

neurons __________ receptors in response to chronic nicotine administration (chronic functional antagonism of nAChRs)

upregulating

adding more receptors to the post-synapse as tolerance develops to compensate for repeated desensitization and closure of channels

ganglia

nAChRs are found in the __________ of the autonomic NS

autonomic NS, neuromuscular junction, CNS

3 regions where nAChRs are found

postsynaptic, somatic, voluntary muscle contraction

nAChRs are found on the ___________ side of the neuromuscular junction in the __________ NS; critical for __________

arousal and cognition, motor function, reward circuitry

nAChRs are found in CNS structures important for which 3 functions?

hippocampus, cerebral cortex

2 CNS structures important for arousal and cognitive functioning where nAChRs can be found

basal ganglia

CNS structure important for motor functioning where nAChRs can be found

VTA, NAc

2 CNS structures important for reward circuitry where nAChRs can be found

ACh, glutamate, GABA, NE, 5-HT, vasopressin

6 NTs/hormones that are also affected by the activation of nicotinic receptors

MAO

enzyme that catabolizes 5-HT, NE, and DA; inhibited by activation of nicotinic receptors

increases HR and BP, suppresses appetite

2 main physiological effects of nicotine

acute tolerance

after the first cigarette of the day, subsequent cigarettes have decreased effects due to desensitization. this is an example of __________

psychomotor activity, improved cognition

2 main behavioural effects of nicotine

purposeless

sensitization causes increased __________ behaviours in chronic nicotine users

negative, positive

naive users report mostly __________ subjective effects; habitual users report mostly __________ subjective effects

quickly

acute tolerance for nicotine occurs __________

tobacco, nicotine

adverse effects of smoking are mostly related to __________ and not __________

carcinogens

chemicals that are scientifically proven to cause cancer

nitrosamines

chemicals that are known to promote cancerous tumor growth

1/3

cigarettes are responsible for __________ of cancer-related deaths in the US

20x

smokers are __________ more likely to develop lung cancer

70%

in canada, cigarettes are responsible for __________ of lung cancer cases

low birth weight, preterm labour, slow gestational development

3 tobacco/nicotine risks to preganancy

nicotine abstinence syndrome

psychological withdrawal from nicotine use characterized by craving, irritability, anxiety, hostility, concentration difficulties, impatience, and insomnia

chippers

smokers who fail to develop an addiction to tobacco

1/3

__________ of all smokers are chippers

cold turkey, nicotine replacement, varenicline, bupropion, psychotherapy

5 ways people quit smoking

varenicline

method to help people quit smoking; a partial agonist of nAChR that causes less activation of the receptors and thus reduces the effectiveness of nicotine

bupropion

method to help people quit smoking; antidepressant that increases DA which helps compensate for reduced DA in the reward pathway due to nicotine withdrawal

2 weeks

making it __________ of tobacco abstinence during treatment is the best predictor of success

poor

most smoking cessation methods result in __________ abstinence rates

50%

making it 2 weeks of tobacco abstinence: __________ (percentage) smoking abstinence at 6 month follow-up

24 hours

how long after quitting smoking does nicotine level in the blood drop to zero?

several days

how long after quitting smoking does the carbon monoxide level in the blood drop to the level of someone who does not smoke?

1 to 12 months

how long after quitting smoking does coughing and shortness of breath decrease?

1 to 2 years

how long after quitting smoking does risk of heart attack drop sharply?

xanthine

chemical class that caffeine is a part of

kola nuts, coca tree nuts, tea leaves, coffee beans

4 plants in which caffeine can be found

90%

percentage of americans who use caffeine regularly