APES Quarter 3 Vocab

a graphical tool in representing the distribution of age groups within a population, broken down by gender; percents or number of age of population

Age Structure Diagram

the controlled farming and harvesting of aquatic organisms like fish, shellfish, algae, and plants in freshwater or saltwater environments

Aquaculture

a demographic shift causing rapid population growth, increased resource consumption, and strain on infrastructure; occured in Us 40s and 50s

Baby Boom

a sustainable, non-chemical pest management method that uses natural enemies—predators, parasites, or pathogens to reduce populations of pests or invasive species

Biological Control

percent of births within a given in within a population

Birth Rate

a chemical agent designed to kill or control a wide variety of pests—including insects, weeds, and fungi—rather than targeting a specific species

Broadspectrum Pesticide

an abandoned, idled, or under-utilized industrial/commercial facility where redevelopment or expansion is complicated by real or perceived environmental contamination

Brownfield

Concentrated Animal Feeding Operation, a type of agricultural facility that raises a large number of animals in confined spaces to maximize production efficiency.

CAFOs

the maximum population size of a species an environment can sustain indefinitely, limited by available resources like food, water, habitat, and sunlight, without degrading the ecosystem

Carrying Capacity

an agricultural product grown primarily for sale and profit rather than for personal subsistence or consumption

Cash Crop

the strategic, future-oriented process of designing and regulating land use, infrastructure, and transportation to create sustainable, efficient, and livable urban environments

City Planning

a logging method where all or most trees in a designated area are removed at once

Clear-Cutting

the managed, aerobic (oxygen-requiring) biological decomposition of organic solid wastes—such as food scraps, yard trimmings, and paper—by microorganisms into a nutrient-rich, soil-like humus

Composting

a soil conservation method where farmers till and plant crops in rows that follow the natural, curved lines (contours) of a hilly landscape, rather than straight up and down the slope, creating small ridges that act as barriers to slow water runoff, reduce erosion, and increase water infiltration

Contour Farming

the intentional, supervised application of low-intensity fire to a specific land area under planned weather conditions.

Controlled Burning

the total number of live births per 1,000 individuals in a population per year

CBR

the total number of deaths per 1,000 individuals in a population within a given year

CDR

the large-scale removal or clearing of forests for other land uses, such as agriculture, logging, or urbanization, leading to habitat loss, reduced biodiversity, disruption of water cycles, soil erosion, and increased atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2), thus contributing to climate change.

Deforestation

a liine graph that explains how a country's population changes as it develops, moving from high birth/death rates to low birth/death rates, typically through four stages (sometimes five) linked to industrialization, better healthcare, sanitation, and education, resulting in shifts from slow to rapid to slow or negative population growth

Demographic Transition Model

the statistical study of human populations, analyzing size, density, distribution, and changes over time

Demography

environmental influences that affect a population's growth rate based on its density; spread of disease

Density Dependent Factors

environmental influences that affect population size, growth, and mortality rates regardless of how dense or sparse a population is; natural events, seasonal changes, natural disasters

Density Independent Factors

the process where fertile land, often in dry regions (arid/semi-arid), becomes increasingly arid, unproductive, and desert-like due to factors like drought, deforestation, overgrazing, and unsustainable agriculture, leading to soil degradation, loss of vegetation, and reduced food security for communities

Desertification

the period for a population or quantity (like resources or pollution) to grow to twice its size at a constant growth rate

Doubling Time

the movement of individuals or populations out of a country or region to settle in another

Emigration

groups of trees in a forest that are all roughly the same age, height, and diameter, typically established by simultaneous planting or natural regeneration after a major disturbance

Even-aged Stands

when a population increases at an accelerating rate, growing faster as it gets bigger, due to unlimited resources and ideal conditions, forming a characteristic J-shaped curve on a graph, seen in populations with high reproductive potential like bacteria or invasive species initially.

Exponential Growth

the practice of individuals and couples controlling the number, spacing, and timing of their children using methods like contraception and reproductive health services

Family Planning

the water-based transport of pollutants—primarily animal manure, nitrogen, phosphorus, pathogens (e.g., E. coli), and suspended solids—from concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFOs) into surface or groundwate

Feedlot Runoff

agricultural land that is purposely left uncultivated or unseeded for one or more growing seasons

Fallow

a commercially, recreationally, or traditionally harvestable population of fish or shellfish within a specific ecological region

Fisheries

the direct, artificial manipulation of an organism's genes using biotechnology to alter its genetic makeup, allowing for the introduction, enhancement, or suppression of specific traits; THE PROCESS

Genetic Engineering

any organism (plant, animal, microbe) whose DNA has been altered in a lab using genetic engineering to introduce desirable traits, like pest resistance (e.g., Bt Corn), drought tolerance, or enhanced nutrition, aiming to increase crop yields and sustainability

GMO

a policy-designated, legally restricted ring of open space, agricultural land, or natural habitat surrounding an urban area

Green Belt

a mid-20th-century transformation in agriculture (1940s-1970s) that used new technologies like high-yield crop varieties (HYVs), synthetic fertilizers, pesticides, and expanded irrigation to dramatically increase food production, especially in developing nations, to combat food shortages, but also introduced significant environmental concerns like pollution and biodiversity loss; Norman Borlaug (lead scientists)

Green Revolution

the gradual settling or sudden sinking of the Earth’s surface due to the subsurface movement of earth materials

Ground Subsistence

the net percentage increase or decrease of individuals in a population over a specific time, calculated by factoring in births, deaths, immigration, and emigration

Growth Rate

chemical pesticides designed to control, inhibit, or kill unwanted plants (weeds

Herbicide

a sustainable agricultural technique of growing plants without soil by immersing roots in a water-based, nutrient-rich solution

Hydroponic

the movement of individuals into a population or geographic area from another, increasing the local population size, density, and diversity.

Immigration

any hard, built surface like concrete, asphalt, or rooftops that prevents rainwater from soaking into the ground, causing it to run off quickly into storm drains, carrying pollutants like oil, fertilizers, and litter, which degrades water quality, increases flooding, and harms aquatic ecosystems. 

Impervious Surface

a system of, large-scale,, capital-intensive food production characterized by mechanization, monocultures, and high inputs of synthetic fertilizers, pesticides, and water

Industrialized Agriculture

the number of deaths of infants under one year old per 1,000 live births in a given year

Infant Mortality Rate

manufactured, mineral-based compounds, such as ammonium nitrate or superphosphates, applied to soil to provide essential, readily available nutrients—primarily nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (NPK)—to boost crop yields

Inorganic Fertilizer

a chemical substance designed to kill, repel, or control insects that harm crops, livestock, or humans, often working by disrupting their nervous systems or exoskeletons

Insecticide

a sustainable, ecosystem-based strategy for managing pests—such as insects, weeds, or diseases—by combining biological, cultural, physical, and limited, targeted chemical tools

IPM

used to estimate human impact on the environment; considering population, affluence, and technology/energy use

IPAT Model

the maximum amount of a renewable resource that can be harvested without compromising the future availability of that resource. 

MSY - crop production

a small, specific area with climate conditions—temperature, humidity, wind, and solar radiation—that differ significantly from the surrounding regional area; temp, humidity, under specific areas (under tree)

Microclimate

the seasonal or long-term movement of organisms (animals, plants, or humans) between habitats, often driven by resource availability, breeding needs, or changing environmental conditions

Migration

the agricultural practice of cultivating a single crop species (e.g., corn, wheat, soy) over a large area for consecutive seasons

Monoculture

a U.S. land-use designation—often managed by the Bureau of Land Management (BLM) or Forest Service—that permits a combination of sustainable activities on the same land, including logging, grazing, mining, recreation, and wildlife habitat conservation; putting different properties (one spot for redsidential, one spot for commericial but with this you can have all in same land)

Multiple Use Land

a type of pesticide designed to target only a specific, narrow range of organisms (the intended pest) while minimizing harm to non-target species and beneficial insects

Narrow Spectrum Pesticide

a substance derived from natural materials—such as plants, minerals, or bacteria—used to kill or control agricultural pests without being synthesized in a lab

Natural Pesticide

highly soluble, nitrogen-oxygen polyatomic ions essential for plant growth and key components of the nitrogen cycle

Nitrates

a sustainable, conservation-focused farming practice where crops are planted directly into residue from previous crops without turning, plowing, or churning the soil between seasons

No-Till Agriculture

complex ecosystems that have developed over long periods—typically 100 to 400+ years—without significant, unnatural disturbance; has not been cut by modern man

Old Growth Forests

natural, nutrient-rich substances derived from plant or animal matter (e.g., manure, compost, bone meal) used to enhance soil fertility without synthetic chemicals

Organic Fertilizer

occurs when too many livestock graze an area for too long, exceeding the land's carrying capacity and preventing vegetation regeneration

Overgrazing

any living organism—including plants (weeds), animals, or microorganisms—that causes harm to crops, humans, livestock, or structures, or simply exists where it is not wanted

Pest

natural or synthetic chemical substances designed to prevent, destroy, or mitigate organisms deemed pests; an umbrella for all cides

Pesticide

a cycle where, due to natural selection, pests develop resistance to pesticides, forcing farmers to use higher concentrations or new, more toxic chemicals

Pesticide Treadmill

areas of land and water owned collectively by U.S. citizens and managed by government agencies for conservation, recreation, and commercial uses like grazing and mining. These areas include national parks, forests, and wildlife refuges, often managed under "multiple-use" mandates. 

Public Lands

the average number of children (roughly 2.1) a woman must have to keep a population size stable, replacing herself and her partner from one generation to the next without migration

Replacement Level Fertility

chemical pesticides specifically designed to kill or control rodents (rats, mice, squirrels) by disrupting their biological functions, commonly via anticoagulant mechanisms that cause fatal internal bleeding

Rodenticide

Ruminants are a group of mammals that digest plant-based food through a specialized stomach with four compartments: rumen, reticulum, omasum, and abomasum.

Ruminant

a forest or woodland area that has regrown after a significant disturbance—such as timber harvest, fire, or land clearing—resulting in a younger ecosystem that differs in structure, species composition, and age from the original, mature forest

Second Growth Forest

an ex-situ conservation facility that stores dried and frozen plant seeds at low temperatures and humidity to preserve genetic diversity and safeguard against species extinction caused by environmental disasters, habitat loss, or climate change; some farmers have their own/set location

Seed Bank

an even-aged timber harvesting method where most mature trees are removed in one cut, but a small, scattered number of seed-producing trees are left behind to regenerate the forest naturally.

Seed Tree Cutting

a sustainable forestry practice, often used in uneven-aged management, where only mature, diseased, or specific tree species are harvested while leaving others to maintain the ecosystem's structure, biodiversity, and health

Selective Cutting

linear, multi-row plantings of trees and shrubs designed to reduce wind speed, prevent soil erosion, and protect crops/livestock

Shelterbelts

a sustainable forestry technique where mature trees are removed in a series of two or more partial harvests over 10–20 years

Shelterwood Cutting

a farming method involving cutting down trees and vegetation, drying it, and burning it to clear land for cultivation

Slash-and-Burn Agriculture

graphs plotting the proportion of individuals in a cohort surviving at each age, illustrating mortality rates and life-history strategies; CURVE(age on that particular curve)

Survivorship Curves

the phenomenon where two or more factors, processes, or pollutants interact to produce a combined effect greater than the sum of their separate, individual effects

Synergy

formula used to estimate the number of years it takes for a population to double

The Rule of 70

in general, the average number of children a woman is expected to have during her childbearing years

TFR

a low-intensity farming system where crops and livestock are raised primarily for family consumption rather than trade; human + animal energy, no fossil fuel use

Traditional Subsistence Ag

represents a population with high survival rates during early and middle life, with a rapid increase in mortality only in old age; humans or k-selected species

Type I - Survivorship Curve

represents a population with a relatively constant mortality rate throughout its entire lifespan, resulting in a linear, diagonal decline in survivorship on a graph; birds in-between r and k

Type II - Survivorship Curve

a population strategy characterized by extremely high mortality rates among the young, with few individuals surviving to adulthood; r-selected, rodents, reptiles, insects

Type III - Survivorship Curve

forest communities that contain trees of three or more distinct age classes, including seedlings, saplings, and mature trees

Uneven-Aged Stands

the art, science, and technology of managing trees, forests, and related vegetation within urban and suburban areas to provide environmental, social, and economic benefits

Urban Forestry

the rapid, uncontrolled, and unplanned outward expansion of cities into surrounding rural areas, characterized by low-density residential, commercial, and industrial development

Urban Sprawl

the increasing proportion of people moving from rural areas to, and living in, densely populated cities and their surrounding suburban areas

Urbanization