Unit 2: Week 2: Culture and Culture Change

culture

all aspects of what we do and how we understand the world around us

• includes belied, ideas, objects, artifacts, norms, values, worldviews, and meanings

structure

the enduring patterns of social relations and social institutions through which society is organized

analytical distance

we can distinguish between them and we are unpacking what we observe but that in experience they are intertwined

what are the 3 ways in which shared culture varies

1. physical space

2. social space

3. temporality

cultural appropriation

when a culture takes or uses the symbols, values, artifacts, or rituals of another culture without permission or invitation and uses it for its own advantage, entertainment or enrichment

socially constructed

that they are created by us, and are not naturally occurring

agency

the ability to make our own choices, and to be agents in our lives and to have free will

our capacity to interpret, evaluate, and choose, and then act accordingly

economic capital

money and investments

social capital

connection to other people, friendships, networks, and who you know and have access too

symbolic capital

that’s that have status attached to them

cultural capital

education- the tools that help you understand cultural frame of reference and navigate them smoothly

socialization

the acquisition of knowledge, skills, and motivation to participate in social life

material culture

physical items that a society uses or makes

non material culture

non physical products of society

cultural tranmission

passing of culture from one generation to the next

cultural universals

elements that are common to all human cultures worldwide

dominant culture

praticed by the majority and controls many of the social institutions

subculture

subset of the dominant culture that has distinct values, beliefs, and norms

counter culture

groups whose values and Normas are in opposition to the dominant culture

Sapir-whorf hypothesis

speakers of a different language think differently beacause of differences in languages

gestures

symbols we make using our bodies

ideal culture

values and beliefs to which a society aspires

real culture

societies actual value and behaviours

Seymour lipset

thought that cultural traditions were shaped by historical circumstances

norms

relatively precise rules for permitted or prohibited behaviours

informal norms

those norms that dictate appropriate behaviours without the need of written rules

Garfinkel

he examines customs in order to determine how tacit and unconscious nature of societal rules and norms

breaching experiment

researcher purposely breaks a social norm or behaves in a socially awkward manner in order to access responses

sanction

reward fro following or punishment for violating a norm

folkways

informal norms that when violated fo not evoke severe moral condemnation

mores

norms whose violation provokes condemnation and are a community more important values

laws

formal norms that are enforced through social institutions

taboos

norms based on belief that such behaviour is either to sacred or too amused for ordinary individuals to undertake

ethnocentrism

occurs when an individual uses their culture to judge another culture

xenophobia

fear or hastily toward those from other countries or cultures

cultural relativism

making a deliberate effort to appreciate a groups way of life without prejudice

cultural shock

occurs when an inidividual encounters a culture foreign to their own and has an emotional response to the differences between the cultures

global village

refers to the shrinking of the world through immediate electronic communications

cultural imperialism

global situation in which powerful culture industries dominate local, national, and regional cultures

invention

occurs when something is deliberately changed or made to produce something new

discovery

occurs when humanity better understand or observes something that already exists

diffusion

occurs when an item or a method of doing things is transmitted to one culture to another

cultural lag

when social and cultural changes occur at a slower pace then technological changes

slur

negative term used to depreciate members fo certain groups, usually minorities

re-apporiation

process by which these groups reclaim/re-appropriate a slur

ideology

set of ideas that legitimates existing inequalities of wealth and power

agressive assimilation

Canadian government policy whose goal was to integrate indigenous peoples into candian culture