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Retribution
A person who commits bad acts deserves to be punished
Specific Deterrence
deter the person
General Deterrence
deter the public
Rehabilitation
punishment can treat criminals
Actus Reus
proximate cause
link between the act and the result
Mens rea
culpable mental state
General intent
A blameworthy state of mind" Only need to prove intent for the conduct not the result. (example is battery)
General intent plus
the intent to commit the act with an added subjective reasonability factor
Specific intent
Proof of a particular mental state required. Usually needs intent for both conduct and result. Statute will include words like "with the intent to"
MPC Purposeful
A conscious objective which you know will occur Intent can transfer
MPC Knowledge
Know or practically certain. Aware of a higher probability of the existence of the fact in question
MPC Reckless
Conscious disregard of a substantial risk
aware of the risk
Disregarded te risk
MPC Negligent
Should have been aware of the substantial risk A "gross deviation" from the expected standard of care
Mistake of fact
if the defendant mistakes a fact which is an element of the offense, he can't be convicted because he either had the requisite mens rea or not
MOF - General Intent
the mistake is honest and reasonable
MOF - Specific Intent
The mistake is honest
Mistake of Fact (MPC)
"the ignorance or mistake negates the purpose, knowledge, belief, recklessness, or negligence required to establish a material element of the offense"
Mistake of Law
the defendant reasonably relied on an "official statement: of the law later to be determined erroneous
Mistake of Law (MPC)
When knowledge of the law is explicit made an element of the offense When there is reasonable reliance on an official, but erroneous statement of the law
Strict Liability
negates a mens rea element, If there is actus reus then the defendant is liable
Strict Liability MPC
Except as provided in Section 2.05, a person is not guilty of an offense unless he acted purposely, knowingly, recklessly or negligently, as the law may require, with respect to each material element of the offense.
Dominion of Control
It does not matter if the drugs were touched by the individual, it does not negate constructive possession
Constructive possession
very low bar, court can read in possession if there is a close nexus of the individual to the drugs
Inchoate Crimes
crimes committed along the way to the commission of a full crime even if it was not fully committed (attempt, solicitation, conspiracy, accomplice liability)
Attempt Type 1
Those who try and failed (missing a bow and arrow shot)
Attempt Type 2
Those who have mens rea and actus reus but can't complete the crime because of a mistake of fact ( pickpocketer reaches into a pocket and there is no wallet)
Attempt Type 3
Those who are in the process of committing a crime but are stopped (police stop you)
MPC Attempt
_______________ requires a "substantial step" towards the culmination of the commission of the targeted offense. With respect to liability/ punishment, MPC says you are guilty of the same offense whether you attempt or execute
Conspiracy
a criminal agreement
An overt act in furtherance of that agreement - by any of the conspirators
Pinkerton Rule
each conspirator is criminally liable for all crimes committed by co-conspirators, if those crimes were committed in furtherance of the conspiracy
Alvares
A conspirator is guilty of only reasonably foreseeable acts of the conspiracy Legal Impossibility the act, if completed, would not have been a crime so its legally impossible to commit the offense
Factual impossibility
When a crime is impossible to complete because of some physical or factual condition unknown to the defendant
Abandonment
the clear _______________ of a crime can release liability if it is permanent and not a postponement
Common Law Rape
the carnal knowledge (vaginal penetration) of a woman forcibly AND against her will
Homicide elements
Mens Rea Conduct Result Causation
Common Law Homicide
The unlawful killing of a human with malice aforethought
Express malice
an intent to kill
Implied malice
Because defendant intended to cause victim injury OR Circumstances showing defendant acted with depraved heart or depraved indifference
First Degree - CL
deliberate a premeditated killing
Premeditation
the defendant reflected on the idea of a killing, if only for a brief time
Second degree - CL
an intentional killing without premeditation
Voluntary manslaughter - CL
killing done in the heat of passion brought on by adequate provocation
Involuntary manslaughter - CL
no intent to kill but recklessness causes death
Felony murder - CL
often held as first degree. The killing resulting from another felonious act MPC Homicide
MPC Murder
Criminal homicide constitutes murder when their is either express, implied malice
MPC Express malice
it is committed purposely or knowingly
MPC Implied malice
it is committed recklessly under circumstances manifesting extreme indifference to the value of human life
MPC Felony murder
If someone is engages in an intentional felony, if death results from it then the intent transfers
MPC Manslaughter
criminal homicide constitutes ___________ _________when: a) it is committed recklessly OR b) a homicide which otherwise would be murder but it was influenced by extreme mental or emotional disturbance which a reasonably explainable - Viewpoint of a reasonable actor in the same situation
MPC Recklessness
A person acts __________________ with respect to a material element of an offense when he consciously disregards a substantial and unjustifiable risk that the material element exists or will result from his conduct The risk must be of such a nature its disregard involves a gross deviation from the standard of conduct that a law-abiding person would observe in the actor's situation
Proportionality
Is the retaliation proportional to the initial violence (gun to a fist fight)
Reasonability
A reasonable person in the person's shoes would use force or feel threatened to use force
Imminence
the threat needs to be imminent
First Aggressor
self-defense not allowed if your the initiator
Retreat
The idea in common law that before you use deadly force you should try and retreat
Stand your ground
If you have a right to be where you are including public place, and doing nothing wrong, you don't need to retreat in face of a threat
MPC self defense
justifiable when the actor believes that such force is immediately necessary for the purpose of protecting himself against the use of unlawful force by such other person on the present occasion 2
the actor believes that such force is necessary to protect himself against death, serious bodily harm, kidnapping or sexual intercourse compelled by force or threat (reasonability)
not justified if the actor , provoked the use of force against himself in the same encounter (first aggressor)
M'Naghten Rule
offender does not to know the nature and quality of the act he was doing, OR
if he did know, he did not know what he was doing was wrong"
Durham Rule
A person is excused for insanity if her unlawful act was the product of a mental disease or defect. Also known as "product rule"
Irresistible Impulse
An actor is insane if: "as a result of a diseased condition of the mind he is by an insane impulse irresistibly driven to commit" the crime
MPC 4.01 Insanity
A person is not responsible for criminal conduct if at the time of such conduct as a result of mental disease or defect he lacks substantial capacity to appreciate the criminality (wrongfulness) of his conduct or to conform his conduct to the requirements of law
as used in this article, the terms "mental disease or defect" do not include an abnormality manifested only by repeated criminal or otherwise antisocial conduct
8th Amendment
Excessive Bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishment inflicted