01 - MICROBIOLOGY AND PARASITOLOGY

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2.4 x 𝟏𝟎^𝟐𝟖

Estimated population size of __________ cells having 2-3 billion species in the whole planet.

90

Our body is composed of ___% microbial cells or equivalent to 100 trillion microbes.

Microbiota

are “friendly” microbes that inhabit our body they inhibit the growth of pathogens.

3

Only __% of known microbes are pathogenic – pathogens

50

___% of oxygen production is attributed to photosynthetic microorganisms (algae & cyanobacteria).

Algae and Cyanobacteria

What are the photosynthetic microorganisms?

Microbes

They are directly involved in decomposition and nutrient recycling in nature.

symbiotic relationship

Microbes form _______________ _______________ to their host cells and the surrounding environment.

Microbes

Plays a big part in the industry specially in the field of food & beverages, energy and medicine production.

Bioremediation and Biotechnology

Microbes have booming roles in the field of

Micro-

small or minute

Biology

study of living entities

Microbiology

study of minute organisms

Engelkirk et al, 2019

“Microbiology includes the study of certain non-living entities as well as certain living entities.”

Talaro, 2008

“Microbiology is one of the largest and most complex of the biological sciences because it integrates subject matters from many diverse discipline.”

Basic Biological, Applied Biological

Two Basic Themes of Microbiology

Basic Biological Science

provides tools for probing the processes of life (the understanding of the chemical and physical basis of life)

Applied Biological Science

deals with practical problems in medicine, agriculture , industry and energy production.

Goal of a Mirobiologist

“Understand how the microorganisms works and devise ways in which the benefits of microorganisms can be increased and its harmful effects will be curtailed.”

Bacteriology, Virology, Mycology, Phycology/Algology, Protozoology, Microbial Morphology, Microbial Physiology, Microbial Genetics, Microbial Taxonomy, Microbial Ecology

Branches of Microbiology

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

“I then most always saw, with great wonder, that in the said matter there were may very little living animalcules, very prettily moving.”

superstitions, myths, religion

“Early explanations for the occurrence of disease focused on ____________, ________, and ___________.

T

T OR F:
Primitive peoples believed in natural spirits that were sometimes mischievous or vengeful.

Hippocratic Corpus

was an early attempt to think about diseases, not as punishment from the gods, but as an imbalance of man with the environment.

Bubonic Plague

is an acute infectious disease caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis.

Yersinia pestis

The bacteria live in the intestines of fleas and are transmitted to rats by flea bites.

Miasmas

invisible vapors that emanated from swamps or cesspools and floated around in the air, where they could be inhaled.

Miasmas

Bubonic Plague was believed to be caused by

Zacharias Janssen

introduced two the concept of microscopy with the use of two convex lenses that were put together.

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

Father of Microbiology

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

He was the first to see the bacteria

wee animacules

Leeuwenhoek termed bacteria as

Robert Hooke

published the book Micrographia in 1665 containing description and hand drawn illustration of the first microorganism from bread mold.

Micrographia

Hooke published _______________ in 1665.

F, hand drawn illustration of the first microorganism from bread mold

T OR F
Micrographia contained a hand drawn illustration of Swan Neck Theory.

Aristotle

was one of the earliest recorded scholars to articulate the theory of spontaneous generation, the notion that life can arise from nonliving matter.

Spontaneous Generation

The notion that life can arise from nonliving matter.

pneuma

Aristotle proposed that life arose from nonliving material if the material contained ________ (“vital heat”), and it persisted until 18th century

Francesco Redi

performed an experiment in 1668 predicted that preventing flies from having direct contact with the meat would also prevent the appearance of maggots.

John Needham

In 1745, ______ ____________ argued that the new microbes must have arisen spontaneously from his published report in which he briefly boiled broth infused with plant or animal matter to kill all preexisting microbes.

Lazzaro Spallanzani

heated but sealed flasks remained clear, without any signs of spontaneous growth, unless the flasks were subsequently opened to the air. This suggested that microbes were introduced into these flasks from the air.

Louis Pasteur

Published a refutation of spontaneous generation.

heat

Pasteur recommended the use of _______ to control bacterial contamination.

Bacillus anthracis and Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Pasteur worked on

Anthrax, Cholera, Rabies

Pasteur was able to develop vaccines for

Robert Koch

First direct demonstration of the role of bacteria in causing disease.

Anthrax

Koch said that Bacillus anthracis caused

Robert Koch

He isolated the bacterium that caused Tuberculosis - Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Koch’s Postulates

Adopted as a guide for relating specific microbes to specific diseases.

Jacob Henle

Germ theory of the disease.

Walther Hesse & Fanny Elshemius

Develop the use of solid culture media with the use of agar.

Julius Petri

The use of petri dishes

Vibrio cholerae

Koch discovered _____________ ____________, Mycobacterium tuberculosis and spores of Bacillus anthracis

John Tyndall

Final blow to spontaneous generation

John Tyndall - Tyndallization

Evidence for the existence of heat resistant form of bacteria

Ferdinand Cohn

Discovered endospores.

Ernst Karl Abbe

Introduced an oil immersion objective.

Ernst Karl Abbe

Invented the system of lenses and mirrors which concentrates light on objects being viewed

Abbe Condenser

system of lenses and mirrors which concentrates light on objects being viewed

Paul Ehrlich

Improved visualization of bacteria through the use of stains.

Methylene blue

Stain used by Ehrlich

Hans Christian Gram

Developed staining technique which divided by bacteria into two groups

Gram Staining

staining technique which divided by bacteria into two groups

Ignaz Semmelweis

Discovered that “childbed fever” or puerperal fever is caused by physicians

Disinfection or Antisepsis

Semmelweis introduced the concept of

John Snow

Father of Epidemiology

John Snow

Investigated the cholera outbreak in Soho District, London

Cholera

is a waterborne disease according to John Snow

Joseph Lister

Introduced the use of antiseptics and the importance of sterilization in all med-surg equipment.

Edward Jenner

Invented the vaccine for smallpox.

vacca

The term “vaccination” was derived from ______ which means ‘cow’.

20th Century

In _______ ______________, microbiology developed from the angle of other disciplines of biological sciences in such a way so that problems of cell structure to the evolution are solved.

Alexander Flemming

Discovered the “miracle drug” penicillin from penicillium.

Penicillin

“Miracle drug”

streptomycin, Bacillus streptomyces

Selman Waksman discovered _____________ from a mold-like ______________ _______________

1949

In the year _____, a Filipino scientist rose to fame after discovering an antibiotic derived from a strain of bacteria found in his own property.

Dr. Abelardo Aguilar, erythromycin

While testing samples of soil from his own backyard, _________________________ isolated a strain of bacteria which lead to the development of Erythromycin, a broad-spectrum antibiotic used universally today.

Erythromycin

a broad-spectrum antibiotic used universally today.

AMR or Antimicrobial Resistance

has emerged as one of the principal public health problems of the 21st century that threatens the effective prevention and treatment of an everincreasing range of infections caused by bacteria, parasites, viruses and fungi no longer susceptible to the common medicines used to treat them.

Gut Microbiome

Study of ____ _____________ hopes to unlock new secret beneficial relationships of the host and the indigenous microbiota.

Louis Pasteur

Father of Bacteriology

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

He also described fungi, yeast, algae

Pasteurization

The use of heat to control bacterial contamination.

Robert Koch

Father of Modern Bacteriology

Bacteriology

bacteria

Virology

viruses

Mycology

fungi

Phycology/Algology

algae and microalgae

Protozoology

protozoans

Microbial Morphology

detailed structure of microbes

Microbial Physiology

metabolism & function

Microbial Genetics

function of genetic materials

Microbial Taxonomy

classification, nomenclature and identification

Microbial Ecology

interrelationship between microbes and the environment