(69) AP Physics 2 Circuits Review

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38 Terms

1
Current
The rate of flow of charge in a circuit, often represented as ΔQ/ΔT.
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2
Electro-motive force (EMF)
The potential difference provided by a battery that drives the current in a circuit.
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3
Resistance (R)
A measure of the opposition to current flow in a circuit, dependent on the material, length, and cross-sectional area.
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4
Resistivity (ρ)
A property of a material that quantifies how strongly it resists the flow of electric current, constant for a given material.
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5
Ohm's law
The principle stating that the current (I) in a circuit is directly proportional to the voltage (V) and inversely proportional to the resistance (R), given by the formula V=IR.
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6
Series circuit
A circuit configuration where components are connected end-to-end, resulting in the same current flowing through each component.
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7
Parallel circuit
A circuit configuration where components are connected across common points, resulting in the same voltage across each component but different currents.
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8
Kirchhoff's junction rule
The principle that the total current entering a junction must equal the total current leaving the junction in an electrical circuit.
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9
Kirchhoff's loop rule
The principle that the sum of the voltage rises and drops around a closed loop in a circuit is equal to zero.
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10
Capacitor
A device that stores charge and energy in an electric field when a voltage is applied.
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11
Capacitance (C)
The ability of a capacitor to store charge per unit voltage, measured in farads (F).
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12
Power (P)
The rate at which electrical energy is converted to another form of energy, calculated as P=IV, where I is current and V is voltage.
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13
Voltage drop
The reduction in voltage across a component in a circuit due to resistance.
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14
Voltage rise
An increase in voltage across a component in a circuit, often caused by a power source.
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15
Potential difference (ΔV)
The difference in electric potential between two points in a circuit, driving the flow of current.
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16
Energy stored in a capacitor
The potential energy stored in a capacitor, given by the formula U=1/2 QΔV, where Q is the charge and ΔV is the voltage across the capacitor.
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17
Internal resistance
A measure of a battery's opposition to the flow of charge, which can cause the voltage across the terminals to be less than the EMF.
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18
Voltage across a resistor
The voltage drop experienced by a resistor in a circuit, calculated using Ohm's law.
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19
Equivalent resistance
The total resistance of a circuit combining multiple resistors, which can be found using different rules for series and parallel configurations.
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20
Microfarad
A unit of capacitance equal to one millionth of a farad.
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21
Nanofarad
A unit of capacitance equal to one billionth of a farad.
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22
Brightness in bulbs
The brightness of a light bulb in a circuit is directly related to the power, which depends on voltage and current.
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23

Inductor

A passive electronic component that stores energy in a magnetic field when electric current flows through it.

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24

Inductance (L)

The property of an inductor that quantifies its ability to store energy in a magnetic field, measured in henries (H).

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25

Dielectric

An insulating material that increases the capacitance of a capacitor when placed between its plates.

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26

Frequency (f)

The number of oscillations or cycles per unit time in an AC circuit, measured in hertz (Hz).

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27

Alternating current (AC)

An electric current that reverses direction periodically, as opposed to direct current (DC), which flows in one direction.

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28

Direct current (DC)

An electric current that flows in one direction only and is typically produced by batteries.

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29

Transformer

A device that transfers electrical energy between two or more circuits through electromagnetic induction.

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30

Magnetic field

A field around a magnet or current-carrying conductor in which magnetic forces can be observed.

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31

Reactance

The opposition to alternating current in a circuit due to capacitors and inductors, measured in ohms.

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32

Impedance (Z)

The total opposition to alternating current, combining resistance and reactance, also measured in ohms.

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33

Resonance

A phenomenon where a system oscillates at greater amplitude at certain frequencies, known as the resonant frequency.

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34

Lenz's Law

The principle stating that the induced current in a closed loop will flow in a direction that opposes the change in magnetic flux.

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35

Transformer efficiency

The ratio of the output power to input power in a transformer, indicating how effectively it converts energy.

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36

Farad (F)

The unit of capacitance, defined as one coulomb per volt.

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37

Coulomb (C)

The SI unit of electric charge, defined as the charge transported by a constant current of one ampere in one second.

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38

Siemens (S)

The unit of electrical conductance, the reciprocal of resistance, equal

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