The Circulatory System: Blood Outline Part 2

Blood types and transfusion compatibility depends on

plasma proteins & erythrocytes

blood types based on antigens and antibodies

Antigens on RBC surface=

Agglutinogens

Antibodies in plasma=

agglutinins

Agglutination

antibody molecule binding to antigens

causes clumping of RBCs—not good

RBC agglutinogens

antigen A & B

determined by carbohydrate moieties

Agglutinins

(antibodies in plasma)

anti-A & anti-B

ABO blood type determined by presence/ absence of..

antigens (agglutinogens) on RBCs

• blood type A person has A antigens

• blood type B person has B antigens

• Blood type AB has both A & B antigens

• blood type O person has neither antigen

most common is type O and rarest is type AB

Can a type B dad have a type O child with a type A mom?

Yes!

Can a type O dad and a type AB mom have a type O child?

No!

Antibodies (agglutinins) for every blood type

Type A or O have anti-B agglutinins

Type B or O have anti-A agglutinins

Type AB, have neither

Agglutination problems

agglutinated RBCs block small blood vessels and hemolyze

Hemoglobin blocks kidney tubules, causes renal failure

Universal donor is type

O (most common blood type)

Universal recipient is type

AB (rarest blood type)

Rh D=

most reactive; patient called Rh+ if D antigen on RBCs

Anti-D agglutinins (antibodies) not normally present form in…

Rh- individuals exposed to Rh+ blood

no problem with first pregnancy

If Rh- mother formed Abs & is pregnant with second Rh+ child——-Anti-D antibodies can cross placenta

RhoGAM does what?

given to pregnant Rh- women

• binds fetal agglutinogens in her blood so she will NOT form anti-D antibodies!!!!!!!!!!

Hemolytic Disease of Newborns (HDN)

Rh antibodies attack fetal blood, causing severe anemia

How many WBCs per microliter?

5,000 to 10,000

Granules:

Granulocytes have SPECIFIC granules: protein-packed lysosomes

(all WBCs have lysosomes=nonspecific granules: cytoplasm looks clear)

Neutrophils anatomy

(granulocyte)

polymorphonuclear

• granules barely visible

Eosinophils anatomy

(granulocyte)

large red granules; bi-lobed nucleus

Basophils anatomy

(granulocyte)

large violet granules (obscure S-shaped nucleus)

lymphocytes anatomy

(agranulocyte)

BIG round, uniform dark violet nucleus

Monocytes anatomy

(agranulocyte)

largest WBC; kidney/horseshoe-shaped nucleus

Neutrophils functions

(granulocyte)

increased in bacterial infections

• phagocytosis of bacteria

Eosinophils functions

(granulocyte)

increased in parasitic infections, allergies, collagen diseases

• release enzymes to destroy large parasites

Basophils functions

(granulocyte)

• secrete histamine (vasodilator): speeds flow of blood to injured area

• secrete heparin (anticoagulant): promotes mobility of other WBCs

Lymphocytes functions

(agranulocyte)

• destroy cells (cancer, foreign, and virally infected cells)

• “present” antigens to activate other immune cells

• coordinate actions of other immune cells

• secrete antibodies and provide immune memory

Monocytes functions

(agranulocyte)

increased numbers in viral infections and inflammation

• leave blood and transform into macrophages

  • phagocytize pathogens and debris

  • “present” antigens to activate other immune cells—antigen-presenting cells (APCs)

Leukopoiesis

production of WBCs

HSCs—CFUs—then…

• myeloblasts (form neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils), monoblasts (form monocytes), lymphoblasts (form lymphocytes)

Circulating WBCs do…

NOT stay in blood

• granulocytes leave in 8 hrs and live 5 days

• monocytes leave in 20 hrs and transform into macrophages and live years

• lymphocytes provide long-term immunity (decades) and is recycled

Leukopenia

low WBC count (less than 5,000)

• caused by: radiation, poisons, some viral diseases

• concern: elevated risk of infection

Leukocytosis

high WBC count (over 10,000)

• caused by: infection, allergy, dehydration

Differential WBC count

% of total WBC count for each type of leukocyte

Leukemia

cancer of hemopoietic tissue; extraordinarily high number of circulating leukocytes and their precursors

Myeloid leukemia

uncontrolled granulocyte production

Lymphoid leukemia

uncontrolled lymphocyte or monocyte production

acute vs chronic leukemia

appears suddenly, progresses rapidly

vs

can go undetected for months, survival time 3 yrs (untreated)

Complete Blood Count

Hematocrit (RBC %)

Hemoglobin concentration

total count for cells and platelets

differential WBC count—NLMEB

RBC size and hemoglobin concentration per RBC

Normal vs leukemic blood

photo

effects of Leukemia

impaired function, therefore opportunistic infections, impaired production of RBCs, platelets