Topic 1: Organization of the Body

What topics fall under microscopic anatomy?

• Cytology

• Histology

Cytology

study of cells

Histology

study of tissues

What approaches fall under gross anatomy?

• Regional

• Systemic

• Surface

Regional approach

The study of specific regions of the body (Head, trunk, arms, legs, etc.)

Systemic approach

Study of specific organ systems of the body (Skeletal, urinary, digestive, respiratory, etc.)

Surface anatomy

Markings that can be seen on the body’s surface (purple lips)

This approach studies the anatomical development from egg to adult

Developmental

This approach studies the point of fertilization up until 8 weeks in utero

Embryology

This approach studies anatomical structures of different organisms

Comparative

This approach studies landmarks to understand what is occurring beneath the surface

Medical/Surgical

This approach studies structural changes that occur secondary to disease

Pathological

This approach uses devices to study structures within the body (x-rays, CAT scans, ultrasounds, MRI)

Radiographic

Levels of organization from microscopic to gross

• Chemical

• Molecule

• Cell

• Tissue

• Organ

• Organ System

• Organism

Atoms needed to maintain life

Chemical

• Formed from chemicals

• Protein, carbs, fats, vitamins

Molecule

• Formed from molecules

• Basic functional and structural unit of life

Cell

• Formed from cells

• Perform specialized functions

Tissue

• Formed from 2 or more different types of tissue

• Perform a specific function

• Have a recognizable shape

Organ

• Formed from 2 or more organs working together towards a common function

• 11 different types of these

Organ system

All 11 organ systems working together to form homeostasis

Organism

Sagittal plane

• Horizontally or vertically?

• ___ and ____

• Vertically

• Left and right

Frontal plane

• Horizontally or vertically?

• ___ and ____

• Vertically

• Front and back

Transverse plane

• Horizontally or vertically?

• ___ and ____

• Horizontally

• Top and bottom

Movement is always….

Parallel to the plane!

Superior

Top

Inferior

Bottom

Medial

Towards the middle of the body

Lateral

Towards the outside of the body

Proximal

Closer to the point where a limb attaches to the body

Distal

Further away from the point where a limb attaches to the body

Cranial

Towards the head

Caudal

Towards the tailbone

Anterior

Front

Posterior

Back

Ventral

Anterior

Dorsal

Posterior

Plantar

Sole of the foot

Dorsal (Foot)

Foot surface where toenails can be seen

Palmar

Palm of hand

Dorsal (Hand)

Part of hand where fingernails can be seen

Movements in the sagittal plane

• Flexion

• Extension

• Hyperextension

Decrease in the reference angle

Flexion

Increase in the reference angle

Extension

Increase in the reference angle beyond anatomical position

Hyperextension

Movements in the frontal plane

• Abduction

• Adduction

Moving away from the midline of the body

Abduction

Moving toward the midline of the body

Adduction

Movements in the transverse plane

• Medial (Internal) Rotation

• Lateral (External) Rotation

Anterior surface rotating medially

Medial (Internal) Rotation

Anterior surface rotating laterally

Lateral (External) Rotation