MOL BIO FINALS LAB

pre dominant protein in the body/cells

histones

what are the parts of a chromosomes

metaphase, anaphase, telophase

what are the types of chromosomes

metacentric, submetacentric, acrocentric, telocentric

we have __ haploids

23

how many X,Y chromosome in total

46

what are the mutations

nonsense, insertion, deletion, frameshift

ideal, correct

centromere is located in the middle of chromosome p and q arm are almost equal in length

metacentric

centromere is off center, one are is longer than the other

submetacentric

centromere is very close to one end of chromosome, making one arm extremely short and the other very long

acrocentric

centromere is located at the very end of chromosome , so only one arm is visible, and the other is essentially missing

telocentric

visualization of chromosome

g banding

q banding

r banding

c banding

most common used. produces characteristic dark and light bands

g banding

flourescent dye. useful for highlighting the y chromosome

q banding

reverse or g banding ; highlights gene-rich areas (gc regions)

r banding

specifically stains centromeric heterochromatin

c banding

stain used in g banding

giemsa stain (after trypsin treatment)

stain in q banding

quinacrine dye

stain in r banding

giemsa (after heat treatment at 87c)

stain for c banding

giemsa (after alkali treatment)

most common type to identify polymorphisms or mutations during analysis

karyotyping

in karyotyping process usually takes about ____

2-3 days

process of cell division by arresting the cells at metaphase

colcemid

what are the detailed karyotyping procedure

sample collection

cell culture

cell division monitoring

hypotonic treatment

fixation

slide preparation

staining

microscopic and computer analysis

source and common source in sample collection

source: blood or tissue cells

common sources: white blood cells, skin cells, amniotic fluid

obtain live cells from analysis

sample collection

induce cells to undergo cell division to make chromosomes visible

cell culture

cell should be cultured for____

2-3 days

in cell division monitoring the _____ is the most critical phase

metaphase

what should u add to prevent spindle fiber formation

colcemid

after stopping cell division, cells are treated with a ________ usually_____

hypotonic solution, potassium chloride

preserve the chromosomes and prevent degredation

fixation

reagent used in fixation

____ preserves the structure of the chromosomes

methanol

reagent used in fixation

______ stabilizes chromosomes and maintains their integrity for further analysis

salicylic acid

prepare the cells for observation

slide preparation

stains the chromosomes to reveal banding patterns that allow us to identify structural abnormalities

staining

chromosomes are examined under microscope to identify their structure, number and any abnormalities

microscope use

advanced programs are used to pair chromosomes, analyze banding patterns and detect abnormalities

computer software

extra chromosomes

trisomy

missing parts of chromosome

deletions

extra genetic material

insertions

rearranged chromosome parts

translocation

paints entire chromosome

WCP (whole chromosome painting)

binds to centromere

CEP (centromere probe)

binds specific genes

LSI (locus-specific identifier)

detects translation

wcp

detects aneuploidy

cep

detects deletions/duplications

LSI

this is a type of chromosomal identification technique where we use a comparative control dna

comparative genomic hybridization

during the hybridization process, if both match perfectly, the resulting color will be ____^

yellow

more green =

deletion

more red =

insertion/addition

CGH is always paired with_____

FISH