Clinical Chemistry 2 Lecture Notes - Enzymes, Immunoassays, and Quality Control

Flashcards covering key vocabulary and concepts related to ELISA, drug screening tests, automated chemistry analyzers, and quality control practices discussed in the lecture notes.

ELISA

Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; used to identify and quantify antigens or antibodies, superior to colorimetric assays in specificity due to monoclonal antibodies.

Milstein and Kohler

Scientists who received the Nobel Prize for the development of hybridoma technology for monoclonal antibody production.

Hybridoma

A cell created by fusing a plasma cell (antibody-producing) with a myeloma cell (immortal), capable of producing antibodies against a specific antigen with an immortal lifespan.

Direct ELISA

Used for the identification and quantification of unknown antigens, but its specificity is inferior compared to sandwich ELISA.

Indirect ELISA

Used for the identification and quantification of unknown antibodies, utilizing a reagent antigen and a secondary antibody molecule.

Secondary Antibody

Binds to the FC region of another antibody and is produced in a different animal species to target human antibodies.

Sandwich ELISA

A superior version of direct ELISA used to identify and quantify an unknown antigen, characterized by having two monoclonal antibodies targeting the same antigen.

Competitive ELISA

Used for the detection of unknown antigens, employing a labeled reagent antigen and a reagent antibody; antigen concentration is inversely proportional to absorbance readings.

Protein A

From Staphylococcus aureus Cowan 1 strain, binds to the FC region of antibodies and is used to wrap the walls of ELISA wells.

Biotinylated Secondary Antibody

Uses biotin as a linker molecule to label the monoclonal antibody with HRP (Horseradish Peroxidase).

Horseradish Peroxidase (HRP)

An enzyme that facilitates the oxidation of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) to generate a colorimetric reaction in ELISA.

Tetramethylbenzidine (TMB)

A chromogenic indicator, not a substrate, for HRP; it is colorless and turns blue when oxidized by HRP.

Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA)

A blocking solution used in ELISA to reduce background noise; skimmed milk can be used as an alternative.

Sulfuric Acid

A stopping solution used in ELISA to deactivate HRP and change the color from blue to yellow; converts TMB to dihydroxy-TMB.

Immunocolorimetric Endpoint Enzymatic Reaction

Describes ELISA because it uses two monoclonal antibodies (immuno), HRP to generate color (enzymatic), involves color changes (colorimetric), and a stopping solution (endpoint).

ELISA Reader

A spectrophotometer with a vertical optic system used to determine the optical density of each well in ELISA.

A-Rate Multi Line 2 Drug Screen Test Device

A rapid, one-step screening test for the qualitative detection of multiple drugs and metabolites in human urine, specifically Methamphetamine and THC.

Competitive Binding (Drug Screen)

Drugs in the urine specimen compete against their respective drug conjugate for binding sites on their specific antibody; used in drug screening tests.

SAMHSA

Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, sets the screening cut-off levels for positive specimens in drug screening tests.

Automation (Wet Chemistry)

Machines that use water systems and liquid reagents with a carousel for high-throughput sample processing.

Automation (Dry Chemistry)

Systems that do not use water, require minimal maintenance (wiping dust), and often employ colorimetric principles.

FUJI DRI-CHEM

A dry chemistry system that can measure substances by placing a drop of specimen on a small slide containing dry reagents; does not require rinsing with water.

Colorimetric Method Slides

Used in FUJI DRI-CHEM to measure enzymes, general chemical components, and immunological components by colorimetry.

Potentiometric Method Slide

Used in FUJI DRI-CHEM to assay electrolytes in the specimen by measuring the change in potential between two electrodes.

FUJI DRI-CHEM QC Card System

Uses a magnetic memory card to correct for differences between reagent lots, eliminating the need for calibration.

Scientific Biotech Specialties, Inc. (SBSI)

A Philippine distributor which imports in vitro diagnostic products, provides services, and creates IT solutions for hospitals and clinical laboratories.

EXIAS e|1 Analyzer

A semi-automated in-vitro diagnostic medical device used to quantitatively measure electrolytes, pH, and Hematocrit in various sample types.

Direct ISE

Analyzer technology used by EXIAS e|1 for measuring electrolytes.

OPTI CCA-TS2

A portable Arterial Blood Gas (ABG) and Electrolytes analyzer that aspirates sample into a single-use cassette with optical fluorescent sensors.

Randox Acusera

True Third-Party Controls for Unbiased Performance Assessment.

RIQAS

Randox International Quality Assessment Scheme; EQA services for many years; helps ensure accuracy and reliability of lab results through external quality assessment.

IQC

Internal Quality Control.