cellular respriation

what is the ulitmate energy source in food?

sunlight

what is the principle energy carrier in living systems?

ATP

in the overall equation for cell respiration, what are the reactants?

glucose and oxygen

in the overall equation for cell respiration, what are the products?

carbon dioxide & water

list the main steps in the oxidation of glucose (cell respiration) (aerobic)

Glycolysis, Bridge (Formation of Acetyl CoA), Krebs (Citric Acid) Cycle & Electron Transport System)

where does glycolysis take place in the cell?

cytoplasm

what are the inner membrane folds of the mitochondrion?

cristae

what is the dense solution surrounding the folded membrane in the mitochondria?

matrix

what are the energy carriers in cell respiration?

NADH & FADH2

what are the carriers known a that pass the electrons down the electron chain?

cytochromes

what provides the energy directly for cell work?

ATP

what are the series of reactions called that occur in the presence of oxygen?

aerobic

what are the series of reactions called that occur in the absence of oxygen?

anaerobic

what series of cell respiration reactions may occur in the absence of oxygen?

glycolysis

how many ATP are formed by glycolysis?

2

what are the reactants in glycolysis?

glucose

what are the products of glyocolysis?

ATP, electron carriers and pyruvic acid

what series of reactions in cell respiration is common to both aerobic and anaerobic reactions?

glycolysis

where does the bridge (formation of acetyl coA) occur in the cell?

mitochondrian matric

what are the reactants in the bridge (formation of acetyl CoA)?

pyruvic acid and CoA

what are the products in the bridge (formation of acetyl CoA)?

acetyl CoA,, electrons picked up by a carrier, carbon dioxide

Pyruvic Acid must be converted to Acetyl CoA before it can enter the Citric ACID Cycle

(Krebs).

true or false

true

At the beginning of the Krebs (Citric Acid) Cycle, what does acetyl CoA combine with to

form Citric Acid?

oxaloacetic acid

What are the reactants of the Citric Acid (Krebs) Cycle?

carbon dioxide, ATP, electron carriers

Where does the Citric Acid cycle occur?

mitochondrian matrix

Where does the Electron Transport series of reactions occur?

mitochondrian cristae membrane

What are the reactants of the Electron Transport series of reactions?

electron carriers and oxygen

what are the products of the electron transport series of reactions?

ATP and water

in what series of reactions is the most ATP produced?

electron transport

what is the name of the process in which the energy of the electrons in the electron carries in the electron transport chain are converted to ATP?

oxidative phosphorylation

in the electron transport series of reactions what is reduced by electron to form water?

oxygen

what is the overall energy harvest in aerobic cell respiration?

38 ATP

what is the principle pathway of energy metabolism for most cells?

aerobic respiration

what type of respiration occurs in the absence of oxygen?

anaerobic respitation

what are the reactants in anaerobic respiration?

glucose

what are the products of anaerobic cell respiration?

ATP & pyruvic acid & electron carries

what are the possible products in aerobic respiration that may be produced by using the pyruvic and the electrons associated with the electron carriers?

lactic acid or an alcohol such as ethanol

what is produced in muscle cells during strenuous exercise and producing a sensation of muscle fatigue and allows muscle cells to produce ATP in the absence of oxygen?

lactic acid

what does life on earth depend upon for oxygen and energy containing fuels?

photosynthesis

what are the reactants in the overall equation for photosynthesis?

carbon dioxide and water

what are the products in the overall equation for photosynthesis?

glucose and oxygen

who separated light in to a spectrum of colors by passing it through a prism?

newton

who discovered that light is a very small part of a vast continuous spectrum of radiation, the electromagnetic spectrum?

james clerk maxwell

wavelengths on the electromagnetic spectrum range from _________ to ________.

gamma rays to radio waves

which has the shortest wavelength and the most energy in the electromagnetic spectrum?

gamma rays

which has the longest wavelength and least energy in the electromagnetic spectrum?

radio waves

the _______ the wavelength the ______ the radiation

shorter, more energetic

in the visible light spectrum, which radiation has the most energy and the shortest wavelength?

violet

in the visible light spectrum, which radiation has the longest wavelength and the longest wavelength?

red

why is light radiation the best fit for photosynthesis?

because of its energy content and availability

what is the term for any substance that absorbs light?

pigment

what pigment absorbs all light?

black

what pigment reflects all light?

white

after light iws absorbed by a pigment, what are the 3 possibilities for the light radiation?

May be emitted as a wavelength of light with less energy (longer wavelength)

May be dissipated as heat

May be used to trigger a chemical reaction as in photosynthesis

what makes leaves green?

chlorophyll

what wavelength of light does chlorophyll absorb?

violet, blue and red

what pigment is directly involved in the conversion of light energy to chemical energy, is found in the reaction center and is absolutely essential for photosynthesis?

chlorophyll a

what are the red, orange or yellow pigments?

carotenoids

what is the specific name for yellow pigments?

xanthophyll

what are the holes in the leaf surface that allow carbon dioxide to enter the leaf and oxygen to leave the leaf?

stoma (singular) or stomata (plural)

what forms a part of the internal membrane structure of chloroplasts; are interconnected sacs suspended in the stroma (where the photosystems for photosynthesis are found)?

thylakoids

what is the dense solution surrounding the thylakoids and filling the interior?

stroma

what are stacks of thylakoids called?

grana

what are the first stages of photosynthesis called?

light reactions

where do the light reactions occur?

thylakoid membrane

What are broken apart in the light reactions to replace the electrons boosted by light for

the light reactions?

water molecules

What is formed as a result of water molecules being broken apart?

oxygen

what are the products of the light reactions?

ATP, NADPH, and oxygen

The light reactions form a ____________gradient across the thylakoid membrane

hydrogen ion gradient

Energy stored in _______________&__________________is used to reduce carbon

dioxide to form a sugar.

NADPH, ATP

In the light reactions in Photosystem II, the boosted electron is replaced by splitting a

_______________molecule & _______is produced.

water, ATP

The electron from Photosystem II replaces the boosted electron

in_______________________

photosystem I

The electron from Photosystem I is used to form _______________________

NADPH

In photosynthesis the electron flow is from a ______ molecule to the chlorophyll in

_____________

water, photosystem II

The electron flows from the chlorophyll in Photosystem II to _________

ATP

the electron flows from ATP to _______

photosystem I

the electron flows from photosystem I to ______

NADPH

The reactants for the Calvin cycle are___________________,

________________________& ____________________

thyloakoid membrane

The Calvin Cycle takes place in the________________________

chloroplast stroma

The Calvin Cycle begins when _________________is bound

to_________________________

ATP, NADPH, Carbon Dioxide

what are the products of calvin cycle?

carbon dioxide, PEP, Oxaloacetic acid

In the 4C pathway __________________is bound

to________________forming________________

Carbon dioxide, PEP, Oxaloactetic acid

why is there a 4C pathway?

carbon dioxide is not readily available to cells in a a hot environment because the stomata close during the day & are only open at night.

____________________provides the basic carbon skeleton for all organic molecules.

G3P (PGAL)