week 1

Organismic view

Development is active; the person helps shape their own development.

Organisms set their own development in motion.

The concept of biological timetable

Influenced the birth of organismic thinkers like Piaget and Rogers.

JEAN JACQUES ROUSSEAU

who said that - development is active ?

john locke

who said that - development is reactive ?

Mechanistic view

Development is reactive; the environment shapes the person.

..whatever comes into the child’s mind comes from the environment” (Lally, Valentine-French, & Ramoo, 2022).

“tabula rasa” (in English, “blank slate”)

Influenced the birth of behavioral thinkers like Pavlov, Skinner, and Bandura.

Continuity

Development is gradual, quantitative, and incremental.

Discontinuity

Development happens in distinct stages that are qualitatively different.

Nature vs nurture

Debate on whether development is shaped more by heredity or environment.

Because they help us describe, explain, predict, and intervene in the human development

arnold gesell

proponent of nature development ?

arnold gesell

Development is determined by genetic factor

john watson

Development is driven by

the environment

cross-sectional research

Collection of data from different ages at the same time.

cross-sectional

Pros: Economical and no attrition problems

Cons: Can be confounded by cohort effect

What research design ?

Longitudinal research

Studies the same person or group over a long period of time.

longitudinal

Pros: Can show age-related changes or continuity

Cons: Expensive and has attrition problems

what research design?

Sequential research

Combines cross-sectional and longitudinal approaches.

sequential

Pros: Combined strength of cross-sectional and longitudinal designs

Cons: Expensive, requires a lot of effort, and complex data analysis

what research design

Informed consent

Participants agree after knowing the study details.

Ensuring that the participants willingly participate in the study with

adequate knowledge about its nature, purpose, and the procedures

they will be involved.

the right to withdraw

We are responsive all throughout for nonverbal indications of a desire to
withdraw, particularly when there is a difficulty in speech, a young child, or
culturally unlikeliness to communicate.

Debriefing

Explaining the study after participation.

Informing the participants that they contributed to the body of knowledge

and ensuring that they also have learned from participating.

Confidentiality

Protecting participants’ identity and data.

anonymity

The practice of assigning codes as identification for every participant

to conceal their identity and protect personally identifiable info.

catharsis

A concept in psychodynamic therapy when the unconscious emotions
emerge and revealed during a session.

case study

An in-depth study on an individual depicts this research method:

ethnography

Studying a practice or experience distinct in a particular

cultural context

Experiment

Method used to determine cause and effect.

ego syntonic

psychosocial elements that are im harmony with the self

ego dystonic

psychosocial elements that are not in harmony with the self

Correlation

Shows relationship between variables, not causation.

Studying associations or correspondence between two variables.

Psychodynamic perspective

Focuses on inner drives and early experiences.

Learning perspective

Behavior is shaped by environment and conditioning.

Cognitive perspective

Focuses on thinking and mental processes.

Contextual perspective

Focuses on environmental and social influences.

Ethological perspective

Focuses on biological and evolutionary basis of behavior.

Erik Erikson

Proposed psychosocial development stages.

Trust vs mistrust

Infancy stage; strength is hope.

Autonomy vs shame and doubt

Early childhood; strength is will.

Initiative vs guilt

Play age; strength is purpose.

Industry vs inferiority

School age; strength is competence.

Identity vs role confusion

Adolescence; strength is fidelity.

Intimacy vs isolation

Young adulthood; strength is love.

Generativity vs stagnation

Middle adulthood; strength is care.

Ego integrity vs despair

Late adulthood; strength is wisdom.

Sigmund Freud

Proposed psychosexual development.

Oral stage

Focus on mouth; fixation leads to oral habits.

Anal stage

Focus on toilet training and control.

Phallic stage

Child identifies with same-sex parent.

Latency stage

Sexual urges are dormant.

Genital stage

Mature sexual relationships develop.

Jean Piaget

Proposed cognitive development stages.

Sensorimotor stage

0–2 years; object permanence develops.

Preoperational stage

2–7 years; egocentrism present.

Concrete operational stage

7–11 years; logical thinking develops.

Formal operational stage

11+; abstract thinking develops.

Object permanence

Object exists even when not seen.

Egocentrism

Inability to see others' perspectives.

Conservation

Quantity remains the same despite appearance.

Urie Bronfenbrenner

Proposed ecological systems theory.

Microsystem

Immediate environment.

Mesosystem

Connection between microsystems.

Exosystem

Indirect environmental influences.

Macrosystem

Cultural and societal values.

Chronosystem

Time-related changes.

Robert Sternberg

Triangular theory of love.

Intimacy

Emotional closeness.

Passion

Physical attraction.

Commitment

Decision to maintain relationship.

Secure attachment

Child seeks comfort and feels safe.

Avoidant attachment

Child avoids caregiver.

Ambivalent attachment

Child is clingy but resists comfort.

Disorganized attachment

Inconsistent and confused behavior.

Authoritative parenting

High warmth, high control.

Authoritarian parenting

Low warmth, high control.

Permissive parenting

High warmth, low control.

Uninvolved parenting

Low warmth, low control.

Scaffolding

Support given to help learning.

Gene-environment correlation

Genes and environment influence each other.

Active gene-environment correlation

Choosing environments that match traits.

Normative age-graded influences

Age-related experiences.

Normative history-graded influences

Historical influences on development.

Nonnormative influences

Unexpected life events.

Lifespan perspective

Development occurs from birth to death.