Packet 10 - Time Period 3 (1750-1900) - AP World - Enlightenment and Atlantic Revolutions

Urgh

Enlightenment (Enlightenment, Europe)

Intellectual movement emphasizing reason, science, and individual rights over tradition.

Sovereignty (Enlightenment, Europe)

Authority of a state to govern itself without outside interference.

Scientific Revolution (Enlightenment, Europe)

Period of major advances in science that laid the foundation for modern thought.

Isaac Newton (Enlightenment, Europe)

Physicist who formulated laws of motion and universal gravitation.

Philosophes (Enlightenment, Europe)

Thinkers who promoted reason, liberty, and reform in 18th-century Europe.

Social Contract (Enlightenment, Europe)

Theory that governments derive power from the consent of the governed.

Natural Rights (Enlightenment, Europe)

Basic freedoms inherent to all humans, such as life, liberty, and property.

Mary Wollstonecraft (Enlightenment, Europe)

Early feminist writer advocating for women’s equality through education.

Romanticism (Enlightenment, Europe)

Cultural movement valuing emotion, nature, and individualism over reason.

Conservatism (Enlightenment, Europe)

Political philosophy favoring tradition and gradual change.

Deism (Enlightenment, Europe)

Belief that God created the universe but does not intervene in its operations.

Liberalism (Enlightenment, Europe)

Ideology emphasizing individual freedoms, democracy, and equality before the law.

Radicals (Enlightenment, Europe)

Advocates for fundamental political or social change.

John Locke (Enlightenment, Europe)

Philosopher who argued that government must protect natural rights.

Jean-Jacques Rousseau (Enlightenment, Europe)

Thinker who promoted popular sovereignty and collective will.

Baron von Montesquieu (Enlightenment, Europe)

Political philosopher who proposed separation of powers to prevent tyranny.

Thomas Hobbes (Enlightenment, Europe)

Author who argued that humans need strong authority to avoid chaos.

Immanuel Kant (Enlightenment, Europe)

Philosopher who explored the relationship between reason, morality, and freedom.

Separation of Powers (Enlightenment, Europe)

Division of government into branches to balance authority.

Balance of Power (Enlightenment, Europe)

System maintaining stability by preventing any state from dominating others.

Parliament (Enlightenment, Europe)

Representative body making laws and checking executive power.

Glorious Revolution (Enlightenment, Europe)

1688 event establishing constitutional monarchy in England.

Citizen (Enlightenment, Europe)

Member of a state with legal rights and responsibilities.

Civil Rights (Enlightenment, Europe)

Protections guaranteeing equal treatment under the law.

Adam Smith (Enlightenment, Europe)

Economist who promoted free markets and wrote “The Wealth of Nations.”

Olympe de Gouges (Enlightenment, Europe)

French activist who demanded gender equality during the Revolution.

Seven Years War (Revolutions, Europe)

Global conflict between major powers that reshaped colonial empires.

Estate System (Revolutions, Europe)

French social hierarchy dividing society into clergy, nobility, and commoners.

French Revolution (Revolutions, Europe)

Uprising that overthrew monarchy and promoted republican ideals in France.

Guillotine (Revolutions, Europe)

Execution device symbolizing revolutionary justice in France.

Declaration of Rights of Man (Revolutions, Europe)

Document asserting liberty, equality, and fraternity as natural rights.

American Revolution (Revolutions, North America)

Colonial war of independence leading to the creation of the United States.

Declaration of Independence (Revolutions, North America)

Document proclaiming colonial freedom from Britain in 1776.

Thomas Jefferson (Revolutions, North America)

Primary author of the Declaration of Independence and advocate of liberty.

Bourgeoisie (Revolutions, Europe)

Middle class that gained economic power and pushed for political reform.

Tennis Court Oath (Revolutions, Europe)

Vow by French revolutionaries to draft a new constitution.

Primogeniture (Revolutions, Europe)

Practice of inheritance favoring the firstborn son.

Maroons (Revolutions, Latin America)

Communities of escaped enslaved Africans in the Americas.

Creoles (Revolutions, Latin America)

Descendants of Europeans born in the Americas seeking independence.

Peninsulares (Revolutions, Europe)

Europe-born elites dominating colonial administration.

Napoleon Bonaparte (Revolutions, Europe)

Military leader who rose to power after the French Revolution and expanded empire.

Napoleonic Code (Revolutions, Europe)

Legal framework promoting equality before the law and merit-based advancement.

Absolute Monarch (Revolutions, Europe)

Ruler with complete centralized authority over government and people.

King Louis XVI (Revolutions, Europe)

French king executed during the Revolution for resisting reform.

Maximilien Robespierre (Revolutions, Europe)

Leader of the Reign of Terror who sought to purify the Revolution.

Miguel Hidalgo (Revolutions, Latin America)

Mexican priest who initiated the movement for independence from Spain.

Jose Morales (Revolutions, Latin America)

Successor to Hidalgo continuing the Mexican independence struggle.

Jose de San Martin (Revolutions, Latin America)

Leader of independence movements in southern South America.

Dom Pedro I (Revolutions, Latin America)

Brazilian ruler who declared independence from Portugal.

Simon Bolivar (Revolutions, Latin America)

Revolutionary leader who sought to unite South America.

Latin American Revolutions (Revolutions, Latin America)

Series of uprisings ending European colonial rule in the Americas.

Gran Colombia (Revolutions, Latin America)

Short-lived federation created by Bolivar after independence.

Toussaint L’Ouverture (Revolutions, Latin America)

Former slave who led the Haitian Revolution against France.

Jamaica Letter (Revolutions, Latin America)

Document outlining Bolivar's vision for Latin American unity.

Haitian Revolution (Revolutions, Latin America)

Successful slave revolt establishing the first Black republic.

Grand Blancs (Revolutions, Latin America)

Wealthy white plantation owners in colonial Haiti.

Petit Blancs (Revolutions, Latin America)

Poorer whites in Haiti seeking equality with elites.

Saint Domingue (Revolutions, Latin America)

French colony that became independent Haiti after revolt.

Haiti (Revolutions, Latin America)

Nation born from the only successful slave rebellion in world history.

Popular Sovereignty (Nationalism, Europe)

Principle that power resides in the people who choose their government.

Populist Politics (Nationalism, Europe)

Movements appealing to common citizens against elite control.

Self-Determination (Nationalism, Europe)

Right of a people to govern themselves without external rule.

Nationalism (Nationalism, Europe)

Ideology promoting loyalty to a shared culture and nation.

Nation (Nationalism, Europe)

Group unified by shared language, history, and culture.

Zionism (Nationalism, Middle East)

Movement advocating for a Jewish homeland in Palestine.

Theodor Herzl (Nationalism, Europe)

Founder of modern Zionism promoting a Jewish state.

Count Cavour (Nationalism, Europe)

Architect of Italian unification through diplomacy and reform.

Giuseppe Mazzini (Nationalism, Europe)

Italian nationalist who inspired independence through revolutionary ideas.

Giuseppe Garibaldi (Nationalism, Europe)

Military leader whose campaigns completed Italian unification.

Otto von Bismarck (Nationalism, Europe)

Prussian statesman who unified Germany through realpolitik.

Realpolitik (Nationalism, Europe)

Politics based on practical goals rather than ideals.

Levee en masse (Nationalism, Europe)

Mass military conscription during the French Revolution.

Congress of Vienna (Nationalism, Europe)

Meeting that restored monarchies and balanced power after Napoleon.

Klemens von Metternich (Nationalism, Europe)

Austrian diplomat who led conservative restoration in Europe.

Pan-Slavism (Nationalism, Europe)

Movement promoting unity among Slavic peoples.

Revolutions of 1848 (Nationalism, Europe)

Widespread uprisings demanding liberal reforms across Europe.

Taiping Rebellion (Nationalism, East Asia)

Chinese civil war inspired by Christian and reformist ideals.

Hong Xiuquan (Nationalism, East Asia)

Leader of the Taiping Rebellion claiming divine inspiration.

Nanjing (Nationalism, East Asia)

City serving as the Taiping capital during the rebellion.

Sepoy (Nationalism, South Asia)

Indian soldier under British command during colonial rule.

Sepoy Rebellion (Nationalism, South Asia)

1857 uprising in India against British East India Company control.

Muslim League (Nationalism, South Asia)

Political group advocating for Muslim representation and later Pakistan’s creation.