Crusades - Key dates

KQ1

Base of Catholic Church moved from Constantinople → increased tension b/w east and west

800

KQ1

The Great Schism

• Papal authority left weak

• Strained relationship b/w E + W

1054

KQ1

Battle of Manzikert

• Byzantines defeated by Turks

• Devastating for BE:

  • Displaced people went to Asia minor → increased strain on resource

  • Civil war

  • Had to increase taxes → financial crisis

1071

KQ1

Turks take over most of Anatolia → BE power restricted to Constantinople

Post Manzikert

KQ1

Seljuk Turks captured Jerusalem from the Fatimids

1073

KQ1

Papal authority left weak after investiture contest Pope Gregory VII excommunicated Emperor Henry IV

1076

KQ1

Cluniac revival - DIPLOMATIC CONTEXT FOR APPEAL OF 1ST CRUSADE

• Reform movement started by GVII

• Helped centralise authority + increase international prestige, power, + control in W Eu for papacy that was reduced by secular rulers + IC

• Allowed for unified/well led/successful crusade

Started late 11th century

KQ1

Invasion from Normans further weakened BE

Early 1080s

KQ1

Relic Diplomacy (eg: to Henry IV of Germany + Robert of flanders)

• increased relationship w/ west

1080s

KQ1

Alexios sent a delegation to Urban to ask for help against the Turks

1090

KQ1

Death of Sultan Malik Shah – led to divisions + civil war for succession

1092

KQ1

(NOT DATE)

What was Urban’s appeal for the crusade like?

Approach + tactics (+ example) (3):

Reasons for success (2):

Who was targeted (1)?

Approach + tactics:

1. Active approach (eg: letters + speeches + his Bishops preached crusade in their diocese)

2. Propaganda about treatment of Christians → us vs them

3. EG: Claremont (Nov 1095) → called for Crusade: ‘Whosoever for devotion alone …’ → remission of sins, emotive lang

Reasons for success:

1. Papal authority increased, unity b/w E + W Eu (bcs common enemy in Muslims)

2. Papal infallibility → important bcs increased support for Crusade bcs religious soc

Targeted:

1. Members of aristocracy (bcs military skills + temporal support)

KQ1

(NOT DATE)

What was the reaction to the appeal + what important figures joined? (3)

1. V eager → either material or spiritual gains → evidence call was staged to increase large scale support

2. Bishop of Le Puy joined → INCREASED SPIRITUAL CRED

   • Le Puy = high status so ensured other high profile Christians would join

   • Good Diplomat

3. Raymond of Toulouse pledged backing (temporal support)

   • Show serious commitment (handed over many possessions to monatry of St Gilles

   • Seen as heroic

KQ1

Council of Piacenza -

• Urban’s attempt to reassert control over Christianity due to IC

• Alexios sent envoys from Constantinople appealing for military help vs Muslims

March 1095

KQ1

Council of Clermont

• Aims

  • Expand papal power

    • Wanted to win support of lords/knights + finally establish papal superiority after IC + GS

  • Hoped to stabilise western society from infighting

• Appeal

  • Toured France in the months preparing for his message

  • Planned Sermon

  • Employed someone with a voice of authority, Bishop Adhemar of Puy became the leader of the first crusade

  • 'God wills it'

  • Cross sewn onto clothes

  • Dramatized level of threat and exaggerated persecution of Christians in the East

  • REMISSION OF SINS

November 1095

KQ1

(NOT DATE)

What were the motivations of the Crusaders? (4)

1. RELIGIOUS: v religious soc, terrified of hell SO remission of sins

2. POLITICAL: Pope wanted to increase political power + some would see benefit of being his ally

3. TERRITORIAL: Some knights/princes had no land SO wanted to establish own power/kingdom (FOR ORDINARY CRUSADERS) oppurtunity to acquire loot + plunder

4. POVERTY: got less in inheritance bcs more children surviving, 1096: poor harvest in Fr, SO life in new land = escape from poverty

KQ1

First Crusade

1096-99

KQ1

People's Crusade - started

• Led by Peter the Hermit

• 30,000 people (incl women + children) → poorly armed, inexperienced

  • From E France, S Germany, Rhineland

April 1096 (4 mnths before official Crusade was meant to leave)

KQ1

People's Crusade - during

• Slaughtered many Jews in N France + Rhineland (bcs blamed ancestors for crucifixion) (date)

• Issues:

  • Lacked supplies

  • 1000s killed by king of Hungary for raiding his land,

  • Lacked military skills + dicipline

• Alexios’ response: not happy bcs lacked military skills + dicipline SO left them in Asia Minor to wait for main crusade (esp bcs BE resources = strained)

B/w May - June 1096

KQ1

People’s Crusade - End

• Turks crushed their attempted invasion into Nicea → only Survivers aggreed to convert/became slaves

• Turks Massacred remaining People’s Crusade

Oct 1096

KQ1

Prince's Crusade set off for Holy Land

1096

KQ1

Journey across Anatolia

• V demanding (bcs rocky mountains, hot in day + v cold at night, many horses died - so some had to walk, lack of food/water)

• By end, ½ survived

• Survived bcs: Tatikios navigated → not direct, but allowed for maintenance of supplied, safe passage through Christian areas+ strategic towns to be captured to keep rear of Crusaders safe

1097

KQ1 - Journey across Anatolia

Siege of Nicea

• Crusaders marched unopposed toward Nicaea (date)

• (date) Kilij Aslan approached with army, he was so outnumbered he had to retreat

• After holding out for weeks Nicaea was taken (date)

• Although Franks were disappointed b/c Alexios banned looting, they were happy as he gave them all cash instead

• Gave city back to Alexios whom then returned to Constantinople as he was worried of internal divisions, he left his most loyal general, Tatikios in his place, who joined the council of leading princes

• To crusaders, this looked like divine approval, aided motivation as they thought God was on their side.

1. Early May 1097

2. Mid-May 1097

3. June 1097

KQ1 - Journey across Anatolia

Battle of Dorylaeum:

• Kilij Aslan’s forces = grown since Nicaea + launched attack

• Crusaders won bcs of good tactics of Bohemund/God on side → increased confidence

July 1097

KQ1 - Journey across Anatolia

Tancred and Baldwin both set off separately with the same objective- to take land

Baldwin - for Alexios to further his lands

Tancred - for himself

Autumn 1097

KQ1

Capture of Edessa

• Baldwin of Bolougne + Tancred led sub-groups capturing places (like Edessa) to clear large areas of enemies so maintain supplies + clear path to Antioch for main army

• Baldwin invited to be ruler of Edessa → married local princess

• Edessa = strategically improtant bcs fertile SO could provide food/other resource to states in less fertile

March 1098

KQ1

Siege of Antioch - CRUSADER STRENGTHS - SIEGE WAREFARE

• City was well prepared. Had massive walls → used siege warfare → crusaders held position for months

• The heat, disease and starvation killed thousands. Alexios sent supplies but it was never enough.

• NEEDED it to gain Jerusalem bcs if not would leave rear of army exposed

• Leadership = unstable + disputed

• Bohemond had led attacks on Muslim forces (less allies for Antioch) :)

October 1097-June 1098

KQ1

Siege of Antioch

• Bishop Adhemar said that reason for lack of success = sin

  • Ordered fast, prayer, + chastity

  • Princes swore publicly they would never desert, a fleet from Genoa arrived w/ reinforcements from England + Denmark

  • Morale lifted and religious conviction intensified

Jan 1098

KQ1

Siege of Antioch

• Tatikios (Alexios's representative) and his byzantine troops went to get aid from Alexios

  • They never returned and in the same month, despite being outnumbered, the crusaders fought off a Muslim relief army that had been sent by Aleppo

  • The crusader's morale and skill was growing + Muslim morale was falling

  • Built siege towers (idk when)

Feb 1098

KQ1

Siege of Antioch (NOT DATE)

How did the crusaders get into Antioch + then what happened?

How?

• Bohemund convinced Firuz (captain of one of Antioch’s garrison) to let them in

What?

• Defeated the Muslims quickly

KQ1

Siege of Antioch

• Kerbogha's (ruler of Mosul) forces were approaching

  • Crusaders faced the possibility of being trapped and destroyed outside the city if they could not break into the city and shelter inside its walls, many crusaders deserted.

May 1098

KQ1

Siege of Antioch

• Peter Bartholomew found a fragment of the 'holy lance'

  • Lacked morale bcs only ~1/2 force left bcs many desertions

  • Lance = boosted morale for rest of expedition + from that point there were regular visions from God

14 June 1098

KQ1

Siege of Antioch

• Prince's council, the fall of Antioch

  • Bohemund argued Alexios had failed to fulfil his duties SO they could break oath

  • He said he knew how to take Antioch but he wanted to keep the city for himself.

  • Stephen of Blois and his troops deserted.

  • Bohemund had made contact with a  Christian who was inside the walls of the city, he dropped a rope down the walls and a small group of knights climbed over and opened the main gate.

  • The crusaders poured into the city crying 'God wills it' and massacred the Muslims.

  • Kerbogha's army arrived that night. The crusaders were safe but trapped inside the city.

June 1098

KQ1

Siege of Antioch

• Crusaders launched an counter attack

  • Tight knit formation marched out under expert leadership of Bohemund and bishop Adhemar, carrying the holy lance

  • Some claimed to have seen a host of saints on white horses

  • Kerbogah = caught off guard + troops fled

  • BOHEMUND OF TARANTO BECOMES RULER OF ANTIOCH

28 June 1098

KQ1

Bishop of Le Puy died

August 1098

KQ1

Siege of Mar’arat al Numan → CRUSADER STRENGTHS → PSYCHOLOGICAL WAREFARE

• Rumours of cannibalism → scared surrounding

  • Other territories fled/let them through (eg: Sultan Ibn Mungidh supplied them w/ provisions, horses, + guides)

  • Got to Jerusalem quicker

late 1098

KQ1

Jerusalem - arrived (DATE)

• Speed of their advance surprised Fatimids BUT

  • They were exposed bcs left cities like Acre unconquured

  • Had small army divided on each side of J (DIVISION - barely communicated, led by Godfrey + Raymod)

  • Low supplies for siege tower (+ blocked from port to get it)

  • Low water + Fatimids poisoned wells

  • Issues w/ who would rule J broke out

June 1099

KQ1

Jerusalem capture by crusaders

• Prompted by visions of god - crusaders fasted + confessed sins

• Crusaders still inspired/determined

  • Saw Saints + Adhemar fighting with them (RELIGIOUS FERVOUR)

  • 2 siege towers built: Fatimids had to split forced to defend, then Godfrey suggested dismantling/rebuilding one to a less defended area + led assault → rained down on Fatimids + gained access

July 1099

KQ1

(NOT DATE)

What were the reasons for the success of the first crusade?

1. Crusader strengths

2. Muslim weaknesses

3. Diplomatic context

KQ1

(NOT DATE)

What were the Crusaders strengths in the first crusade? (5)

1. Psychological warfare

2. Siege warfare

3. Religious fervour

4. Cavalry

5. Leadership

KQ1 - Crusaders strengths in the first crusade

Psychological warfare:

• Ma-arat an-Numan (DATE)

  • Rumours of cannibalism → scared surrounding

    • Other territories fled/let them through (eg: Sultan Ibn Mungidh supplied them w/ provisions, horses, + guides)

    • Got to Jerusalem quicker

Ma-arat an-Numan: Late 1098

KQ1 - Crusaders strengths in the first crusade

Siege warfare:

• Siege towers (eg: Antioch (DATE) → surrounded for months till Firuz let them in)

Antioch: Oct 1097 - June 1098

KQ1 - Crusaders strengths in the first crusade

Religious fervour:

• Holy Lance (DATE) (increased moral, emboldened crusaders → felt invincible bcs god’s support)

• ‘Whosoever …’ (penance → v motivated bcs of goal)

Holy Lance: June 1098

KQ1 - Crusaders strengths in the first crusade

Cavalry:

• Effective in battle (eg: Ascalon (DATE) - calvary tactics decisively defeated fatimids

Ascalon: 1099

KQ1 - Crusaders strengths in the first crusade

Leadership:

• Bohemond:

  • V experiences soldier, knowledge of Muslim tactics Dorylaeum (DATE) = increased confidence of crusaders

  • Antioch (DATE)= convinced Firuz to let them in

  • Damascus (DATE) = decisive victory

• Godfrey of Bouillon:

  • Kept focus, dismantled/rebuilt siege towers at Jerusalem to get over walls (DATE)

• Bishop of Le Puy:

  • Religious support/diplomat

• Dorylaeum: July 1097

• Antioch: Oct 1097 - June 1098

• Damascus: 1098

• Jerusalem: July 1099

KQ1 - Muslim weakness in the first crusade

• Sultan of Rum died at Antioch before crusade (DATE) → 5 yrs of fighting → when ended = v weak → too weak to attack → OPPURTUNITY

• Antioch = division, so increased weakness (FACT NOT DATE)

• Shia/Sunni split: Jerusalem b/w them almost constantly for years before (WHAT DID THIS CAUSE?)

• Kerboga’s army deserted him at Antioch (DATE)

• Post defeat at Dorylaeum (DATE) → less support for Sultan of Rum → neighbouring territory let Crusaders through

• Sultan of Rum died at Antioch: 1086

• Antioch Division: Aleppo/Damascus armies refused to work together

• Jerusalem b/w Shia/Sunni almost constantly = Leadership was weak, unestablished, + vulnerable

• Antioch: June 1098

• Dorylaeum: 1098

KQ1 - Muslim weakness in the first crusade

(FACT NOT DATE)

What were the Muslim battle tactics?

What were the issue with these?

Muslim battle tactics:

• Mounted Bowmen

• Artillery

• Bombardment/intimidation (eg: shouting/howling)

Issue:

• Not used to Crusader’s thick chainmail/cloth SO unequipped to deal w/ it

KQ1 - Crusader leadership in the first crusade

(FACT NOT DATE)

What was Bohemond’s leadership?

• V experiences soldier, knowledge of Muslim tactics Dorylaeum ( July 1097) = increased confidence of crusaders

• Antioch (Oct 1097 - June 1098)= convinced Firuz to let them in

• Damascus (1098) = decisive victory

KQ1 - Crusader leadership in the first crusade

(FACT NOT DATE)

What was Tancred’s leadership?

• Bohemond’s nephew

• Strong warrior

KQ1 - Crusader leadership in the first crusade

(FACT NOT DATE)

What was Bishop of Le Puy’s leadership?

Religious support/diplomat

KQ1 - Crusader leadership in the first crusade

(FACT NOT DATE)

What was Robert of Normandy’s leadership?

Brought other men (eg: Robert of Flanders)

KQ1 - Crusader leadership in the first crusade

(FACT NOT DATE)

What was Raymond of Toulouse’s leadership?

• 1st Noble to join

• Hoped to be acknowledged as main leader bcs of this

KQ1 - Crusader leadership in the first crusade

(FACT NOT DATE)

What was Baldwin of Boulogne's leadership?

• Godfrey’s younger brother

• Joined when in Constantinople

• 1st king of Jerusalem

KQ1 - Crusader leadership in the first crusade

(FACT NOT DATE)

What were the divisions in leadership?

1. Normans vs Non-Normans

2. Bohemond vs Raymond

3. Tancred vs Baldwin: Autumn 1097 → separately set off to gain land (T for self, B for Alexios), when met in Mamistra they broke into fight (Baldwin W)

4. BUT for most part = united by common aim → SUCCESS OF CRUSADE

KQ2 - Establishment + development of Outremer (including Jerusalem + Antioch)

Overview:

• A king was chosen to rule

• More land/territory was captured (DATE), which were formed three provinces, counties of: Antioch, Edessa + Tripoli

• Counties = organised in same way as European feudal states (land allocated to lesser nobles who gave rulers armed support when needed)

• Legal/political structures = like those in W Europe, w/ king as feudal overlord

B/w 1100-30

KQ2 - Establishment + development of Outremer (including Jerusalem + Antioch)

(FACT NOT DATE)

Why was the survival of Outremer uncertain, and what would it depend on?

Uncertain bcs:

• Most crusaders returned home → left only a few thousand to establish/hold the States

Survival would depend on:

• Muslim disunity

• Alliances + western aid

• Military Orders

• Castles

KQ2 - Establishment + development of Outremer (including Jerusalem + Antioch)

(FACT NOT DATE)

What challenges did Outremer face?

(4)

• Aid from the west declined

• Relations w/ Byzantium deteriorated (to the point it was actively seeking Muslim aid vs Outremer)

• Development of jihad

• Internal instability (especially succession issues)

KQ2 Establishment + development of Outremer (including Jerusalem + Antioch)

Edessa establishment:

• First State founded – captured from Byzantine ruler (DATE)

• 1st ruled by Baldwin I (of Boulogne) → became Count of Edessa

• Was strategically placed in Armenia → possession of Edessa = helpful in keeping Antioch secure

• Was fertile in comparison to the regions in the south SO a crucial source of food

Captured from Byzantine ruler: 1098

KQ2 Establishment + development of Outremer (including Jerusalem + Antioch)

(FACT NOT DATE)

Edessa development:

How did Baldwin initially help w/ development? (2)

• In theory, Edessa should have been returned to Byzantium bcs of the oath w/ Alexios BUT Baldwin kept control bcs he possessed it

• Within short period of time, Baldwin acquired a lot of treasure, married a local princess, + adopted many Arab habits (integrated)

KQ2 Establishment + development of Outremer (including Jerusalem + Antioch)

(FACT NOT DATE)

Edessa development:

• What was Baldwin’s treatment of his inhabitants? (2)

• How did dedicated crusaders react to some of his decisions? (1)

Treatment of inhabitants:

• Included local inhabitants in his gov (but control = maintained by the Franks) in hopes integration of diff groups would increase stability

• Muslims = granted religious toleration, but, bcs unreliable allies, Baldwin didn’t trust them w/ much power

Dedicated Crusade reaction:

• Didn’t like this → thought Muslims shouldn’t be given freedom of worship + felt Baldwin was going against aims of Crusade

KQ2 Establishment + development of Outremer (including Jerusalem + Antioch)

(FACT NOT DATE)

Edessa development:

• Who were the first 3 leaders of Edessa?

• What did Joscelin I do in development of Edessa?

Who were the first few leaders of Edessa?

• Baldwin became King of Jerusalem (1100) → Baldwin Le Bourcq (his cousin), became Count of Edessa

• Baldwin Le Bourqu became Baldwin II of Jerusalem (1118) → Joscelin I became Count

What did Joscelin I do in development of Edessa?

• Managed to extend his rule towards Aleppo

KQ2 Establishment + development of Outremer (including Jerusalem + Antioch)

(FACT NOT DATE)

What were the issues in Edessa?

(2)

• Suffered extensively from Muslim raids + internal rivalries SO no longer the rich city like when first taken

• Powerful earthquake in 1114 made situation worse

KQ2 Establishment + development of Outremer (including Jerusalem + Antioch)

Establishment of Antioch:

• Taken (DATE)

• Was under Bohemund, but struggled to maintain position vs local Armenian + Byzantine warlords → captured by the Danishmends (Turkish tribe) when trying to take the city of Melitene

• Was imprisoned b/w (DATE) (his nephew, Tancred ruled as regent)

• Bohemond defeated at Harran (DATE) → left the east in (DATE) → Tancred became Prince

• Taken: 1098

• Bohemond imprisoned: 1100-3

• Bohemond defeated at Harran: 1104

• Bohemond left the east: 1105

KQ2 Establishment + development of Outremer (including Jerusalem + Antioch)

(FACT NOT DATE)

What was the development of Antioch?

(4)

• Tancred + his successor (Roger of Salerno, ruler 1113-19) expanded territory

• Tancred's administration = similar to former Byzantine rulers BUT relied on Norman officials, who he trusted

• When attacked by local Muslim rulers, he avoided pitched battles, SO preserved limited manpower

• Constructed network of allies on his borders, allowing the State to survive

KQ2 Establishment + development of Outremer (including Jerusalem + Antioch)

Establishment of Tripoli

• Raymond of Toulouse made no gains in Antioch/Jerusalem bcs of his rivals SO established Tripoli w/ support of others w/ minimal gains

• Captured Tortosa in (DATE) → advanced on Tripoli (main port for Damascus SO useful/strategic)

• Founded by Raymond (DATE)

• Captured Tortosa: 1102

• Tripoli founded: 1103

KQ2 Establishment + development of Outremer (including Jerusalem + Antioch)

Development of Tripoli

• R of Toulouse built castle on Mount Pilgrim BUT died in (DATE), before Tripoli was fully captured + left disputed succession behind him

• (DATE): Tripoli fully taken despite unsuccessful siege by Muslim military leader Toghteki

• R of T died: 1105

• Tripoli FULLY taken: 1109

KQ2 Establishment + development of Outremer (including Jerusalem + Antioch)

(FACT NOT DATE)

What was an issue w/ Tripoli?

Divided into separate semi-independent lordships → SO haphazard political structure

KQ2 Establishment + development of Outremer (including Jerusalem + Antioch)

(FACT NOT DATE)

What was the establishment of Jerusalem?

(5)

• Led by Godfrey of Bouillon

• Daimbert of Pisa wanted to succeed him, + Godfrey agreed bcs needed military support

• BUT when Godfrey died (1100) heir = unclear

• Daimbert wasn’t in Jerusalem at time, so Godfrey's supporters sent an urgent message to Baldwin of Edessa, Godfrey's brother, to take over

• Was possibility of civil war, but Daimbert lacked support SO Christmas 1100 Baldwin = king of Jerusalem

KQ2

Baldwin I becomes King of Jerusalem

1100

KQ2 -

Godfrey uses Pisan fleets in Palestine to intimidate near Muslim territory (eg: Acre)

Early 1100

Genoese help Baldwin at Arsuf

1101

Capture of Acre w/ Genoese (port)

1104

Count Baldwin II was in captivity, Tancred tried to claim he had the right to have Edessa and called on Muslim allies for help

1104

Tancred acted as regent in Edessa after Baldwin was captured in1104

until 1105

Capture of Tripoli w/ Genoese (port)

1109

Baldwin I of Jerusalem died childless despite two marriages, and factions at court backed different candidates to succeed him.

Baldwin II of Le Bourcq became king but when he was later captured, questions were asked about whether he should be replaced.

1116

Battle of Ager Sanguinis

1119

Founding of the Templars

1119

Tyre captured w/ Venetians

1124

Zengi occupied Aleppo

1128

Fall of Edessa to Zengi

1144

Eugenius III issued the Quantum Praedecessores

1145

Preaching tour of Bernard of Clairvaux

1146

Death of Zengi

1146

Second Crusade

1147-49

German crusade against the Wends

1147

Siege of Lisbon

1147

Failure to capture Damascus

1148

Battle of Inab

1149

Capture of Ascalon by Crusaders

1153

Almaric starts attacks on Egypt

1163

Death of Nur ad-Din

1174

Saladin in control of Damascus

1174

Battle of Hattin

1187

Third Crusade

1189-92

Siege of Jerusalem by King Guy

1189

Death of Frederick Barbarossa

1190

Departure of Philip II and Richard I

1190

Battle of Arsuf

1191

Crusaders captured Acre

1191