Vascular midterm (1)

5.0(1)
studied byStudied by 3 people
learnLearn
examPractice Test
spaced repetitionSpaced Repetition
heart puzzleMatch
flashcardsFlashcards
Card Sorting

1/70

encourage image

There's no tags or description

Looks like no tags are added yet.

Study Analytics
Name
Mastery
Learn
Test
Matching
Spaced

No study sessions yet.

71 Terms

1
New cards

what is Medial and Lateral

Medial- towards the midline

Lateral- away from midline

<p>Medial- towards the midline </p><p>Lateral- away from midline </p>
2
New cards

What is Ipsilateral and Contralateral

Ipsilateral- on the same side of the body ( right hand right arm)

Contralateral- on the opposite side of the body ( right hand left hand)

<p>Ipsilateral- on the same side of the body ( right hand right arm) </p><p>Contralateral- on the opposite side of the body ( right hand left hand) </p>
3
New cards

What is Proximal and Distal

Proximal- closer to the heart

Distal- further from the heart

4
New cards

What is Superficial and Deep

Superficial is closer to the skin, deep is further into the skin

5
New cards

what is the difference between arteries and veins

arteries: carry blood (generally oxygenated) away from the heart, arteries don’t have valves.

Veins: carry blood ( generally deoxygenated) toward the heart, veins have valves to help them push blood toward the heart.

6
New cards

What are the three types of arteries

Elastic: Conducting arteries, Have thick walls with elastic fibers, the largest diameter, can uphold high blood pressure

Muscular: distributing arteries, contain more smooth muscle than elastic fibers. they are medium and small, they constrict or relax( vasodilate/vasoconstrict)

Arterioles: transports blood from small arteries to capillaries, have thin walls and high proportion of smooth muscle reltive to size ( the smallest in size but still have all 3 layers, just a small tunica media)

7
New cards

What are the 3 layers of the arteries and veins

Tunica intima: Innermost layer Consists of a single layer of Endothelial cells

Tunica media: Middle layer, smooth muscle cells arranged circularly around the vessel, Regulates blood flow with contraction or relaxation, comprised of 20-40 muscle cells in muscular arteries

Tunica adventitia: The outermost layer contains connective tissue and provides connection with the surrounding tissue. Has the vasa vasorum, which supplies nutrients to the vessels ( only for vessels that exceed 1mm in diameter) and has baroreceptors which Monitor stretch in blood vessel wall and detect changes in blood pressure

<p>Tunica intima: Innermost layer Consists of a single layer of Endothelial cells</p><p>Tunica media: Middle layer, smooth muscle cells arranged circularly around the vessel, Regulates blood flow with contraction or relaxation, comprised of 20-40 muscle cells in muscular arteries </p><p>Tunica adventitia: The outermost layer contains connective tissue and provides connection with the surrounding tissue. Has the vasa vasorum, which supplies nutrients to the vessels ( only for vessels that exceed 1mm in diameter) and has baroreceptors which Monitor stretch in blood vessel wall and detect changes in blood pressure</p>
8
New cards

What is the lumen?

a channel within a vessel

<p>a channel within a vessel </p>
9
New cards

What does hemodynamics mean

the study of blood flow through the circulatory system

10
New cards

What is pulsation?

the changes in the blood flow due to two phases of the cardiac cycle (systole and diastole )

<p>the changes in the blood flow due to two phases of the cardiac cycle (systole and diastole )</p>
11
New cards

What is systole?

The first part of the cardiac cycle where the ventricles are contracting

<p>The first part of the cardiac cycle where the ventricles are contracting </p>
12
New cards

What is diastole?

Portion of the cardiac cycle where the ventricles are relaxing

<p>Portion of the cardiac cycle where the ventricles are relaxing </p>
13
New cards

What is phasicity?

Changes in blood flow due to cardiac or pulmonary factors

14
New cards

What is a stenosis

Narrowing or obstruction in flow which causes the body to compensate in some way ( once you have this narrowing it will continue to build-ip )

15
New cards

What does Ischemic mean

Occurs when tissues of organs aren’t getting what they need, this is because they lack adequate oxygen.

16
New cards

Explain the pressure gradient

the difference in pressure between one area and another. Flow will naturally move from a higher gradient to a lower gradient

17
New cards

What does vasodilation and vasoconstriction mean

vasodilation: expansion of blood vessels

Vasoconstriction: contraction (constriction) of blood vessels

18
New cards

What are collaterals?

Make new routes of blood flow from the narrowing or closed-off vessels

19
New cards
<p></p><p></p><p>What does heterogenous mean</p>

What does heterogenous mean

When theres irregular composition of echo signals throughout

20
New cards

What does homogenous mean

composition of echo signals are uniform throughout ( the same)

21
New cards

What does heterogenous mean

When theres irregular composition of echo signals throughout

22
New cards

What is isochoeic and anechoic

Isoechoic means that the reflected echo density is the same ( shown in the image)

Anechoic: without any echo signal ( complete darkness this means it’s fluid-filled

<p>Isoechoic means that the reflected echo density is the same ( shown in the image) </p><p>Anechoic: without any echo signal ( complete darkness this means it’s fluid-filled </p>
23
New cards

Explain hypoechoic vs hyperechoic

hypoechoic: Echo signals are not as bright compared to other surrounding tissue or structures.

• Hyperechoic: Echo signals are brighter compared to other surrounding tissue /structures

<p>hypoechoic: Echo signals are not as bright compared to other surrounding tissue or structures.</p><p>• Hyperechoic: Echo signals are brighter compared to other surrounding tissue /structures</p>
24
New cards

What does Intra/Inter/Infra

Intra: within Inter: between Infra: below

25
New cards

What does Supra and Sub mean

Supra: above Sub: Below

26
New cards

Explain pulmonary circulation

Moves blood between the heart and the lungs. more specifically, from the right ventricle to the lungs via the pulmonary artery, then back to the left atrium via the pulmonary veins

27
New cards

Explain systemic circulation

Moves blood between heart and body

From left ventricle to the aorta

28
New cards

What are the 3 main types of vessels in the body

  • arteries, capillaries and veins

29
New cards

Explain the relationship between the 3 main vessels

Arteries branch to arterioles and venules combine to become veins. Capillaries connect the arterioles to the venules, and this is where exchange happens

<p>Arteries branch to arterioles and venules combine to become veins. Capillaries connect the arterioles to the venules, and this is where exchange happens </p>
30
New cards

How does pressure change when we go from the elastic arteries to the veins?

BP is highest in the elastic arteries and muscular arteries, when we move down to the arterioles there is a sharp drop i pressure ( drops from 80mmhg to about 30-40mmhg)

  • The pressure decreases as blood flows through the capillaries usually around 20-40mmhg

  • As blood enters the venous side ( venules and veins) pressure drops further and is around 0-5mmHG

(Overview: biggest drop in P in the arterioles, moderate drop in capillaries, and very low pressure in veins)

<p>BP is highest in the elastic arteries and muscular arteries, when we move down to the arterioles there is a sharp drop i pressure ( drops from 80mmhg to about 30-40mmhg) </p><ul><li><p>The pressure decreases as blood flows through the capillaries usually around 20-40mmhg</p></li><li><p>As blood enters the venous side ( venules and veins) pressure drops further and is around 0-5mmHG </p></li></ul><p>(Overview: biggest drop in P in the arterioles, moderate drop in capillaries, and very low pressure in veins) </p>
31
New cards

What are the different types of capillaries, how is each structures and how does that affect function

Continuous capillaries: in muscles, skin. Has endothelial cells form a continous lining with tight junctions, have small gaps. Allow exchange of small molecules like water and ions but restrict large molecules

Fenestrated capillaries: in kidneys and intestines. Has endothelial cells that contain small pores (fenestrations) permit rapid exchange of larger molecules, good for filtration and reabsorption

Sinusoidal capillaries: in liver and bone marrow. has large gaps between endothelial cells and a discontinuous basement membrane. Facilitates free exchange of large proteins and cells, allows filtration and cell migration

<p>Continuous capillaries: in muscles, skin. Has endothelial cells form a continous lining with tight junctions, have small gaps. Allow exchange of small molecules like water and ions but restrict large molecules </p><p>Fenestrated capillaries: in kidneys and intestines. Has endothelial cells that contain small pores (fenestrations) permit rapid exchange of larger molecules, good for filtration and reabsorption</p><p>Sinusoidal capillaries: in liver and bone marrow. has large gaps between endothelial cells and a discontinuous basement membrane. Facilitates free exchange of large proteins and cells, allows filtration and cell migration</p>
32
New cards

What are the different types of veins, how is each structures and how does that affect function

Venules and small veins: Venules have similar structure to capillaries but are larger. with connective tissue covering. Collect blood from capillaries and return flow to heart at low pressure.

Small veins: Form as venules increase in size ( have all 3 layers)

Medium veins: Thinner walls than arteries and have valves to prevent backflow. They transport blood back to the heart. (Collect blood from small veins and deliver to large veins)

Large veins: Have the thinnest walls relative to diameter and contain more smooth muscle. deliver blood to the heart

33
New cards

What are portal veins? how many are there? what do they do

Portal veins: a blood vessel that carries blood from the abdomen to the liver

hepatic portal vein: Carries blood from capillaries in the GI tract and spleen to the liver's sinusoids, allowing the liver to process nutrients and detoxify substances from digestion.

The hypophyseal portal vein: Connects the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary gland, transporting hormones that regulate pituitary function.

34
New cards

What are venous valves? what types of veins have them

allow blood to keep moving forward to the heart, in veins greater than 2mm (medium and large veins) the number of valves are greater in lower limbs

35
New cards

What are the factors affecting blood flow

Elasticity of walls, distal vascular resistance, blood vessel structural pattern

  • Blood flows slower in larger vessels and faster in smaller vessels

36
New cards

What is laminar flow

orderly blood flow where the layers of fluid move parallel to each other, the highest velocity is at the center of the vessel and slower near the vessel’s walls.

<p>orderly blood flow where the layers of fluid move parallel to each other, the highest velocity is at the center of the vessel and slower near the vessel’s walls. </p>
37
New cards

What is turbulent flow

more likely to occur in smaller vessels, EX: as blood moves from larger arteries into smaller arterioles or through narrowed segments

Chaotic, disordered flow of blood where the movement is irregular and multidirectional. often resulting in increased resistance to flow.

38
New cards
<p>What has high resistence vs. low resistence, what arteries have high resistence vs low resistance </p>

What has high resistence vs. low resistence, what arteries have high resistence vs low resistance

low resistance: organs such as the brain, liver and kidneys

  • arteries with LR: internal carotid artery and vertebral artery

High resistance: muscles

  • Arteries with HR:external carotid artery and subclavian

  • If a muscle needs constant blood flow it will go from high resistance to low resistance

39
New cards
<p>What are the abnormal wave forms, are they high resistance or low resistance</p>

What are the abnormal wave forms, are they high resistance or low resistance

Abnormal low resistant waveform: Damped, the upstroke is more than 90 degrees caused by someone needing even more blood, making the wave change shape

Abnormal high resistant waveform: monophasic, when the wave more is greater than 90 degrees caused when the body isn’t getting what they need

40
New cards
<p>Which one is showing peak systolic velocity (PSV) and which point is showing EDV </p>

Which one is showing peak systolic velocity (PSV) and which point is showing EDV

Pink is the peak systolic velocity and green is the EDV

41
New cards

What is a triphasic waveform

Waveforms with 3 distinct points, like high resistant waveforms. These are found in the legs and arms

Legs- ( femoral artery, popliteal artery, dorsal pedis artery ( top of the foot), anterior tibial artery

Arms- radial and ulnar artery

<p>Waveforms with 3 distinct points, like high resistant waveforms. These are found in the legs and arms </p><p>Legs- ( femoral artery, popliteal artery, dorsal pedis artery ( top of the foot), anterior tibial artery </p><p>Arms- radial and ulnar artery </p>
42
New cards

What is the stenotic profile

describes the changes in blood flow dynamics that occur due to a stenosis

( can result from atherosclerosis or anything that restricts blood flow)

43
New cards

What is the relationship between Kinetic and potential energy in relation to a vessel

KE: Represents the energy of blood flow; it increases as blood passes through a stenosis As the diameter of the vessel decreases, blood velocity increases to maintain flow, which raises kinetic energy.

Potential Energy (PE): Relates to the pressure within the vessel; approaching the stenosis PE is at its highest as blood flows through a stenosis, pressure drops and makes PE at it lowest. Post stenosis PE increase and KE decreases but it’s still not as high as it was pre-stenosis

<p>KE: Represents the energy of blood flow; it <strong>increases as blood passes through a stenosis </strong> As the diameter of the vessel decreases, blood velocity increases to maintain flow, which raises kinetic energy.</p><p>Potential Energy (PE): Relates to the pressure within the vessel; approaching the stenosis PE is at its highest as blood flows through a stenosis, pressure drops and makes PE at it lowest. Post stenosis PE increase and KE decreases but it’s still not as high as it was pre-stenosis </p><p></p>
44
New cards

What is atherosclerosis, what are the types of plaque in the atherosclerosis process?

most common type of pathology in the arteries and veins, plaque formation ( develops over a long period of time)

Fatty streak, Fibrous Plaque, Complicated lesion, and Intraplaque hemorrhage

45
New cards

Explain what goes on in every type of plaque in atherosclerosis

Fatty streak- plaque forms in lining of artery

Fibrous plaque- accumulation of lipids covered by more lipid material ) collagen, elastic fiber deposits)

Complicated lesion- Fibrous plaque contains more fibrous tissue, more collagen, calcium and cellular debris

Ulcerative lesion- deterioration of the normally smooth surface of the fibrous cap. ( higher tendency to shed debris)

Intraplaque Hemorrhage- Plaque bleeding from within

<p>Fatty streak- plaque forms in lining of artery</p><p>Fibrous plaque- accumulation of lipids covered by more lipid material ) collagen, elastic fiber deposits) </p><p>Complicated lesion- Fibrous plaque contains more fibrous tissue, more collagen, calcium and cellular debris</p><p>Ulcerative lesion- deterioration of the normally smooth surface of the fibrous cap. ( higher tendency to shed debris) </p><p>Intraplaque Hemorrhage- Plaque bleeding from within </p>
46
New cards
<p>What is being shown in this image, label the parts of this. </p><p>( also, draw out this image with all parts labeled) </p>

What is being shown in this image, label the parts of this.

( also, draw out this image with all parts labeled)

thoracic aorta, the main artery from LV of heart, has 3 parts ascending arch and descending

47
New cards

What vessels supply the brain with blood

RT and LT ICA, RT and LT vertebral

48
New cards
<p>What is being shown, what does it supply? </p>

What is being shown, what does it supply?

this is the Rt and LT ICA, and it supplies blood to the brain, no branches typically posterior and lateral to the ECA branch

49
New cards
<p>What is being shown, what does it supply </p>

What is being shown, what does it supply

RT and LT ECA supply blood flow to the face and scalp, usually smaller than ECA, always more anterior and medial to ICA

50
New cards
<p>What is being shown, and what does it perfuse? where does it branch off from </p>

What is being shown, and what does it perfuse? where does it branch off from

the RT and LT vertebral, perfuses posterior cerebral circulation of brain, branches from proximal subclavian artery.

51
New cards

What are the four lobes, what do they do?

Frontal lobe- critical thinking, memory, emotion

Temporal lobe- long-term memory, olfactory capabilities

Parietal lobe- Body sensations ( taste touch), calculations, spatial relationships

Occipital lobe: visual perception

52
New cards

How does the brain get blood flow?

2 intracranial circulation systems: anterior and posterior

Anterior Circulation: perfuses frontal, temporal, and anterior portions of the parietal lobe (FTAP)

Posterior circulation: perfuses brain stem, occipital lobe posterior portion of parietal lobe ( BOPP)

53
New cards
<p>Based off this image, which arteries intracranially provide all of the cerebral blood supply </p>

Based off this image, which arteries intracranially provide all of the cerebral blood supply

the ICA and vertebral arteries

54
New cards
<p>What is the Bovine arch? </p>

What is the Bovine arch?

Has a common origin for the innominate ( also known as brachiocephalic) and left common carotid arteries with a separate origin of the left subclavian artery.

55
New cards

What are communicating arteries, how many do we have?

  • only used if necessary for collateralization to get blood flow to MCAs.

  • ACoA- joins bilateral ACAs

  • PCoA- ( we have 2 RT and LT) joins ipsilateral PCA to the origin of MCA

56
New cards
<p>Draw this out 3 times and label it </p>

Draw this out 3 times and label it

give urself practice problems about what would happen if there was a stenosis

57
New cards
<p>What types of circulation is being shown, when would you use them? </p>

What types of circulation is being shown, when would you use them?

Anterior circulation (Blue)- Refers to the blood supply to the front part of the brain, primarily via the internal carotid arteries.

Posterior circulation (green)- blood supply to the back part of the brain, primarily via the vertebral arteries and basilar artery.

Collateral circulation (yellow)- the alternative or "backup" routes of blood flow that develop or are used when normal blood flow is obstructed

58
New cards
<p>What are the segments of the ICA intracranially </p>

What are the segments of the ICA intracranially

carotid siphon- (Blue) resembles bottom of letter s

Terminal ICA (TICA)- (pink) Site of bifurcation into middle cerebral artery (MCA) and anterior cerebral artery (ACA)

59
New cards
<p>Fill in the blank:</p><p>At branch points blood flow can have both forward and backward velocity components called ____ the effective velocity is ___ </p><p>( shown by arrow) </p>

Fill in the blank:

At branch points blood flow can have both forward and backward velocity components called ____ the effective velocity is ___

( shown by arrow)

boundary layer separation, zero

60
New cards
<p>Explain Parabolic flow </p>

Explain Parabolic flow

Refers specifically to laminar flow in a cylindrical or pipe-like geometry (e.g., blood vessels, pipes), where the velocity profile is parabolic.

( all parabolic flow is laminar but not all laminar flow is parabolic)

61
New cards
<p>What factors affect turbulence </p>

What factors affect turbulence

since viscosity and density of blood are fairly constant, turbulence depends on the size of the vessel and the velocity of blood flow ( as shown with Reynolds number)

62
New cards

A lumen diameter decrease of 70% corresponds to a cross sectional area decrease of 95 percent, explain why

A decrease in diameter significantly decreases the cross-sectional area because the area is calculated as the square of the diameter, meaning even a small change in diameter results in a much larger change in the area itself

63
New cards
<p>What is a tandem stenosis </p>

What is a tandem stenosis

Two or more stenotic lesions occurring in a
series, more hemodynamically significant than regular stenosis

64
New cards

The diastolic component of a Spectral Doppler arterial waveform is shaped by _____________. ( why?)

peripheral resistance of the end vascular bed

because this determines how easily blood can flow through the small vessels when the heart relaxes. If the small vessels are narrow, blood flows more slowly and makes the waveform rounder, while wider vessels allow blood to flow smoothly and create a clearer shape.

65
New cards

explain the calf pump

A mechanism in the lower leg that helps blood return to the heart. When you move your feet or walk, the calf muscles contract and squeeze the deep veins in the legs. This action pushes blood upward toward the heart, helping to prevent blood from pooling in the lower legs.

66
New cards

What factors influence venous waveforms but do not influence arterial waveforms

respiration, calf muscle contraction and relaxation, external compression, venous valves and gravity

67
New cards

How does respiration affect venous wave forms

in the thorax- during inspiration: venous volumes increase and pressure decreases. During expiration: venous volume decreases and pressure increases

This is reversed in the abdomen

68
New cards
<p>What is the normal venous spectral waveform called? What is an abnormal venous spectral waveform called</p>

What is the normal venous spectral waveform called? What is an abnormal venous spectral waveform called

Respiro-phasic: ( no proximal obstruction)

  • shown on the top image, has some type of waveshape

continuous: (there is a proximal obstruction)

  • shown on bottom image, has no waveshape

69
New cards
<p>What is another abnormal venous spectral waveform caused by rt atrial cardiac pressures </p>

What is another abnormal venous spectral waveform caused by rt atrial cardiac pressures

when Rt atrial cardiac pressures increase significantly, this can affect venous waveform, it loses variations from respiration and becomes pulsatile.

70
New cards
<p>Which image shows a competent venous valve, how do you know? </p>

Which image shows a competent venous valve, how do you know?

the left image is a competent venous valve because it prevents bi-directional blood flow ( it only goes toward the heart)

71
New cards
<p>explain varicose vein valves</p>

explain varicose vein valves

healthy valves restrict reverse blood flow but varicose valves reverse blood flow due to damaged valves, shown on the right image