Issue 2

National Intrest

People such as individuals who govern democratic communites and nations make descions that is based on the community or nations intrest. Whether the nationalism of the people is based on shared ethnicity and culture, they want certain benifits for them and their communities.

Benfiits focus on

Security and safety, Belifs and values

National intrest does

National intrest does not stay the same it can change based on events in or outside the country.

Domestic Policy

guides descions about what to do within a country

In Canada, domestic polices may guide descions about changing to federal→ laws, setting Aborignal Land Claims, spending of tax revenues

Foregin Policy

Guides the descions about official relations with other countries (external relations) (Foregin affairs) may involve co operating with international organizations (United Nations signing Treaties, trade relations). Can have short term effects on limited people or long term many

World War 1

1914- 1918→ Europe, Middle East, And Africa.

Began in 1914 with the assasination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand.

Took place most in Europe

Central Powers- Germany, Austria- Hungary, Bulagaria, Ottoman Empire fought against

Allies→ Great Britain (Canada, Austraila, India), France, Russia, Italy, Romania, Japan, USA

MAIN
Happend with large scale attacks with deadly tech→ mechanized, chemical weapons, long range artillery power.

Key Facts

June 28, 1914→ November 11, 1918

Massive attack of countries around the world and mostly took place in Europe

20 million killed, 21 million wounded (both sides)

WW1→ WW2

MAIN → Miltarism

Building up of miltary strengths and weapons

Arms race→ building up of armaments “What if we get attacked?” “We must keep up and be better than others.”

Symbols of Prestugue and status→ became of increased importance for govs, increase spending, How can we allow a nation state to be stronger than us.

Balacne of Power→ If one country increased military strength, so would the others.

MAIN- Alliances

Security measure (Country attacks, must have other countries who would have their backs and help)

→ Deterent→ a thing that discorages or is intended to discourage someone from doing something

Agreements→ many allies were tied together through agreements or obligations, meaning they would have to go to war if the agreed country went to war.

The bigger the alliance the harder the attack

Pre war alliances

The Tripple alliance→ Germany, Austria- Hungary, Italy

The Triple Entete- Russia, France, Great Britain

MAIN- Imperialism

A policy of extending a countries power and influence through diplomacy or military force

European powers comepeted for control of colonies that possesed raw materials and strategic importance

MAIN- Nationalism

Pride in ones country is very strong at this time in Europe, It reflected anthems, poltics and ethnocentrism

War is seen as a sense of pride for nations

Germany→ wanted to become a superpower. Needed more colonies, large army, navy comparable to Brtains and wanted to persue its place in the sun

France

Lost territory during Franco- Prussian war to Germany and wanted it back. Morroco also wanted freedom from France. Germany supported.

Britain

Believed in their identity as the “Great British Empire” and disliked the tension between the countries who wanted to rival their power.

The First Morrocon Crisis

March 1905- May 1906, an internal crisis emerged known as the Tangier crisis→ war was over status of Morroco. Kashier Wilhem II of Germany declared support to Sullan Ahd elaize for his sovernity, plus a challenge of French Authority and influence in the region

German Chancellor threatened war over the issue saying that a multilateral conference was needed. France did not want a conference

The Morocon Crisis Pt 2

Germany called Reverse troops and France moved their troops to the German Border

-The Algerias Conference (1906) called to settle dispute

Germanys role was to support Austria- Hungary

France→ Britain, Russia, Italy, Spain, USA

Germans→ accpeted France yielded control of the morocon poltical+ finanicial affairs

Temporary solve for first Morocan Crisis but Kasier Wilhem II felt humilated→ Second Morocan Crisis

The Second Morocon Crisis

France deploys a substantial force of troops to interior of Moroco

Germany does not oppose this they had wanted terriotoral compensation for themseleves

Berlin threatened warfare and stried up angry nationalists

Negoations between Berlin and Paris resolved the crisis

France took over moroco as a protectorate in exchange for territorial conncecions to Germany from French Congo,

Britan was alarmed at Germanys hostility, aggressiveness and relations between two soured

Slavic Nationalism and Balkan Wars

Following Napoleonic wars (100 years earlier) many european nations began to show great pride in their national identity

In the Balkans several small slavic nations began to seek independence from their imperialistic leaders (Austria Hungary, Ottoman Empire)

The Balakans nations fought two wars (1900-1913) in attempt to gain and maintain independence

Russia being an ally of the serbs, supported their independence

History Of Balkans

In 1400s, Ottoman Empire emerged as the major superpower in the middle east and medditeranian

with their capital city established in Constaniople (Istanbul), the ottomans began seizing territories in Southern Europe (Balkans)

By 1500s, the Ottomans conqured the entire Balakan region (Not popular in many Balkan Nations)

History of Balkans Cont.

Conquest of the Balkans and the impact on nationalism → French Philosopher Ernest Renan wrote in what is a nation where national memories are concerned greifes one of the more value then triumphs, for they impose and require a common effort

History of Balkan pt3

Relates to Serbian nationlism and national myth because of the defeat of Serbian Tsar Lazar by the Ottomans at the Battle of Kosovo on June 13,1389.

Being conqured posed a common effort and duty to state. Serbian nationalism became a powerful tool

Serbian Nationlism

In the 19th century, C Kosovo came to be reagared to serbs as “Our Jersulum”, unfortunately to serb nationalists, during late 17th and early 18th centries much of the ethncally Serbian population of the region had left and replaced by the Albanian Muslims The precense of an indentifable other against which nationalist movements could immbolize existed in Balkans

Serbian Nationalism Pt2

The other is anyone who does not share whatever distingushing characteristics a nationalist movement credits to the nation.

In the case of Balkan nationalsim this other was ussally Turkish speaking muslim elites who governed them.

Which country attacked the Ottoman Empire shortly before the Balkan first war?

Italy attacked the Ottoman Empire during the Italo- Turkish War

Who led Italy duirng the war against the Ottoman Empire?

The war was carried under the Itailain Crown

What territory did Italy seize from the Ottoman Empire

Libya

What islands did Italy Capture during the Italo- Turkish War

The Dodecanese Islands

How did Italy’s victory afftect the Ottoman Empire

It exposed the military weakeness of the Ottoman Empire and encouraged Balkan States to attack

When did the first Balkan War occur?

1912-1913

What empire was the main target of the Balkan State

The Ottoman Empire

Which country had martime supremacy during the war?

Greece

What territory did Greece Annex?

Crete

What Islands did Greece occupy?

Several Aegean Islands

What major city did Greece Capture on November 8,1912

Salonika (Thessaloniki)

Why was Salonika historically signifcant

It was the Birthplace of the Young Turk Revolution

What countries attacked Macedonia and Albania from the North

Serbia and Montengro

Which regions were captured duirng these attacks

Macedonia and Albania

What key location fell to Serbian forces on October 23, 1912

Kosovo Polje

When did a brief armistice expire duirng the war

Feb 3, 1913

What happened after the armistice ended

The last european terriotries of the Ottoman Empire began falling to the Balkan Forces

What was one of the cruelest blows to the Ottoman Empire

Bulgraian forces starved the defenders of the city of Edrine into surrender

When did the city of Edrine surrender?

March 23, 1913

What happened after the fall of Edrine

A truce was issued and peace negotiations began

When was the peace treaty concluded

May 30,1913

Which country helped mediate the Treaty of London

United Kingdom

How much did the Ottoman Empire lose to the Treaty of London

60,000 Square miles

From the Treaty of Paris how many people were lost from Ottoman Control

4 million

What European Territory did the Ottomans still retain?

Part of Eastern Thrace

From which empire had the ottomans originally conqured these territories

The Byzantine Empire

How long had the Ottomans ruled these territories

Five Centuries

Why were these territories important to the Ottoman Empire

They were economic and administrative center of the empire

How were these territories described economically?

They were the most prosperous and developed regions of the empire

What financial condition did the Ottoman Empire face after the war

Treasury was exhausted

What happened to many people after the war

Became refugees needing resettlement

What major health problem spread after the war

Disease spread among displaced populations

What did the Treaty of London mean for the Ottoman Empire

It forced the Ottoman Empire to accept major territorial losses to the Balkans, but the Ottoman army and public refused to accpet the defeat

How many young Turks react to the defeat after the Treaty of London

They were shocked that former subjects like the Bulgarians, Serbs and Greeks had defeated them after centuries of Ottoman rule

What poltical event took place in the Ottoman Empire shortly after the treaty of London?

A coup took place, showing the poltcal instablity and anger caused by the defeat

What triggered the Second Balkan War

On June 28-30 1913, Bulgaria attacked Serbian and Greek positions in Macedonia

Who did Bulgaria end up fighting in the Second Balkan War

All of its Balkan Neighbours

Why did Bulgaria withdraw troops from the Ottoman border during the war

Needed reinforcements to fight other Balkan countries

What opportunituy did the Ottoman Empire take advantage of duirng the Second Balkan War?

Attacked and Recaptured the city of Edrine

What alliance effectivly ended after the Second Balkan War

The Balkan League

What had the Balkan league orginally been meant to defend agaisnst

Austria- Hungary

How did the Second Balkan War affect Serbia

Became militarily isolated

How was Russia connected to Serbia after the war

Russia pledged unconditional support for Serbia

Why was Russia’s support for Serbia important for future events

Meant Russia could be drawn into a war with Austria- Hungary the following year contributing to World War 1

Why did the Ottoman Empire begin to weaken in the 18th and 19th century

They were overtaken by the growing power and dynamism of European nations and lost wars to Russia under Catherine the great and to the Habsburg Empire

What happened to the Ottoman territory in the 19th century

The Ottomans began losing Territory as nationalist movements emerged within the Balkan provinces

Which Balkan country was the first attempt at independence from the Ottoman Empire

Greece

How long did Greece fight for Independence from Ottoman Rule

8 Years 1821- 1829

Which country secured independence in 1878

Romania, Serbia, Montenegro

Which Balkan regions gained autonomy in 1878

Bosnia, Herzegovina, and Bulgaria

What Terriotories did European powers take from the ottoman empire in the late 19th century?

Britain→ Cyprus and Egypt (claimed)

France→ Tunisia (occupied 1881)

Russia→ three provinces in the Ottoman Caucasus (annexed 1878)

What conflict occured between italy and the ottoman empire in 1911 to 1912

Fought battles in Libya→ drained both nations resources

How did Italy influence events in the Balkans during this period

They expanded the conflict towards the meddieranian and helped trigger tensions in the Balkans by encouraging opposition to the Ottoman Empire

Which Balkan Countries formed alliances against the Ottoman Empire

Serbia, Greece, Montenegro and Bulgaria

Why did Balkan states form alliances against the Ottoman Empire

Each state wanted to expand and claim the remaining ottoman territories in the Balkans

Which regions were the main remaining Ottoman territorys in the Balakans

Albania, Macedonia, Thrace

How was the Italian Royal family connected to Montenegro

The Italian crown was related by marriage to KIng Nicholas I of Montenegro.

When did Montenegro declare war on the Ottoman Empire

October 8, 1912

What happened after Montenegro declared war on the Ottoman Empire

Other Balkan states soon followed and joined the conflict leading to a wider war.

What happened after the First Balkan War regarding Albania

European Powers recongized Albania’s independence, undoing the effects of the First Balkan War

Why did Austria support the creation of Albania

Wanted Albania as a buffer state to stop Serbia and prevent it from becoming a strong maritime power

What were Serbia and Montenegro forced to do after Albania was created

Withdraw from the Albanian territory they had conqured duirng the first Balkan War

How did Serbia react to losing Albanian territory

Were upset and looked for compensation by gaining land in the Macedonion territory

Which countries controlled the Macedonion territory serbia wanted

Bulgaria and Greece

How did Bulgaria respond to Serbias demands for territory

refused to give up any territory to Serbia

What did Bulgaria do when Russia tried to mediate the conflict

Rejcected Russia’s attempt at mediation

Why did Bulgaria believe it deserved the territiory

Beliveved they had done most of the fighting against the turks

When did German Unification occur and what happend , how they felt

1871, The german states united into a single german nation state felt there was a strong nationalistic pride among germans

In what ways was Germany behind other nations after unification

In imperial strength and miltary power

What did Germany begin doing to strengthen itself

Began an arms race with Britain, France, and Russia

Who was the German leader pushing to create a powerful German Empire

Kaiser Wihlem

What event started World War I

The assasination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand on June 28, 1914

Who assasinated Archduke Franz Ferdinand

Gavrilo Princip, a member of the nationalist group called the Black Hand

Where was Archduke Franz Ferdinand assasinated

In Sarajevo, while visting the region

What was Archduke Franz Ferdinands postion in the empire

Next in line to the throne of the Austro- Hungarin Empire

What were Franz Ferdinands views about the slavic people in the empire

Supported giving more independence to Slavic People than the ruler who might replace him.

Why was the assaination especially serious for Austria- Hungary

Their heir to the throne was dead by nationalist slaves inside their own Empire, which threatened their authority