Genetic Engineering

Genetic engineering

Is the artificial alteration and manipulation of genes.

Genes from one organism are inserted into the DNA of another organism.

Transgenic organism (or a GMO)

Is the organism with the ‘recombinant DNA’

The transgenic has a new characteristic because it has the ability to make a new protein (new gene)

A vector

Is the agent that is used to transfer foreign genetic material into a cell eg bacteria plasmid, micro injection, virus

Step 1. Isolation

The cell is broken down and the DNA is removed

Step 2. Cutting

Use a restriction enzyme to cut out the target gene from the chromosome

Step 3. Insertion/ Ligation

A vector is obtained eg bacterial plasmid. Use the same restriction enzyme to cut open the plasmid and insert the donor gene into the plasmid. Use ligase enzyme to join the ends of the DNA together. A ‘recombinant DNA’ has been made.

Step 4. Transformation

The recombinant DNA is put into the host cell

Step 5. Gene Expression

The host cell will express the gene- will start to divide and grow on nutrient medium and they start producing the new protein. The product is separated from the host cell and purified.

Bacteria Application

Human insulin gene inserted into a bacteria cell and the bacteria will now be able to make human insulin. Giving to people suffering from diabetes.

Plant Application

Tomato plants have a gene inserted to produce fruits that ripen but remain hard.This fruit is much easier to harvest and results in a greater yield per hectare.

Animal Application

Goat the contains the web gene from a spider. The web material is produced in the milk of the goat.

Hazards of Genetic Engineering

Cloning organisms reduces the genetic diversity of the species and therefore reduces its chances of survival in changing environments. GE microorganisms may ‘escape’ from the lab and cause disease. We still do not understand the ‘side effects’ of using this technology- they could damage the environment and our health. Is it ethically right to alter the genetic makeup of organism