Integrating Systems

Integrating System

an organ system that coordinates activities between different areas of the body

endocrine system and nervous system

The integrating system consists of

Endocrine System

consists of all organs producing chemical messengers that reach their target cells by circulating in the blood

hormones and neurohormones

Chemical messengers that circulate in the blood

True

Every cell in the body is exposed to messengers, but only those cells with receptors for the messengers can respond to it

cardiovascular system

The endocrine systems organs are located outside the _________, so they first release messengers into the ISF.

primary and secondary

Endocrine organs are divided into ______ and ______ endocrine organs

Primary Endocrine Organs

major function is production of hormones or neurohormones; messenger production

Secondary Endocrine Organs

minor function is production of hormones or neurohormones; messenger production

Hormones

are made by endocrine cells; found outside the nervous sytem

Neurosecretory Cells

make up neurohormones; found in the nervous system

neurosecretory cells

have the same structure as neurons; cell body and numerous extensions from the cell body

Dendrites

short; numerous

Axon

one, very long; branch at its end - each branch ends in an axon terminal; neurohormones are released from the axon terminals

endocrine cells and hormones

Endocrine organs outside the nervous system are made of _________ and produce _________.

neurosecretory cells and neurohormones

Endocrine cells within the nervous system are made of _________ and produce _________.

primary endocrine organs

The hypothalamus and pituitary gland are _________.

Hypothalamus

small area of the brain; produces neurohormones

Pituitary Gland

lies just inferiors to the hypothalamus; connected to the hypothalamus by the infundibulum

anterior lobe and posterior lobe

The pituitary gland is divided into the _________ and _________.

nine

The hypothalamus produces _________ neurohormones.

Each neurohormones is produced by a different group of neurosecretory cells.

two

_________ neurohormones are released from the posterior lobe.

seven

_________ neurohormones are released from the hypothalamus.

one

Each neurosecretory cell within the hypothalamus produces just _________ of the two neurohormones.

Posterior Lobe

is made up of nervous tissue; consists of the axons of neurosecretory cells; cell bodies of these cells are in the hypothalamus; axon terminals lies near the capillary networks of this

anti-diuretic hormone (adh) and oxytocin

Neurohormones released from the posterior lobe are _________ and _________.

Anterior Lobe

made up of endocrine cells that produce hormones

thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), growth hormone (GH), prolactin, adrenocorticotropic (ACTH), luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

Six Hormones of the Anterior Lobe

Anti-Diuretic Hormone

reduces urine production to conserve body water

Oxytocin

stimulates uterine contractions during childbirth, milk release during lactation

Seven Neurohormones

each affects the release of a particular hormone from the anterior lobe;

a neurohormone will either stimulate or inhibit release

negative feedback

Neurohormone and hormone production in the hypothalamus and pituitary gland are regulated by _________.

hypothalamus; anterior lobe

Thyroid Releasing Hormone is released from the _________ and stimulated the release of TSH from the _________. TSH stimulates release of thyroid hormones from the thyroid gland. Thyroid hormones regulate cell metabolism in many tissues. Thyroid hormones also act on both the hypothalamus and anterior lobe to inhibit release of both TRH and TSH. This is negative feedback, and it helps maintain thyroid hormone levels and body metabolism at a relatively constant level.

connective, epithelial, and nervous

The nervous system contains _________ tissues.

neurons, neurosecretory, and glial

The nervous system has three cell types which are _________ cells.

ten

Neurons and neurosecretory cells make up _________% of cells in the nervous tissue. They are excitable cells that transmit information throughout the body.

ninety

Glial cells make up _________% of cells. These cells support neurons and neurosecretory cells.

central nervous and peripheral

The nervous system is divided into two parts _________.

Central Nervous System

communicates with sensory receptors and effector organs; receives sensory info from the external + internal environments, integrates this info, and stimulate effector organs to produce a response

made up of the brain and the spinal cord;

brain - occupies cranial activity of the skull

spinal cord - surrounded by vertebral column

Peripheral Nervous System

consists of the nerves and ganglia;

connects sensory receptors and effector organs to CNS

divided into the afferent (sensory) and efferent (motor) divisions

Afferent Division

transmits sensory information from sensory receptors to the CNS

Efferent Division

allows the CNS to stimulate effector organs

interneurons, afferent (sensory) neurons, and efferent (motor) neurons

Neurons are classified as either _________, _________, or _________.

Interneurons

neurons that communicate with other neurons; contained mostly in the CNS

Afferent Neurons

transmit sensory information to CNS; may be sensory receptors or may receive signals from sensory receptors

Efferent Neurons

transmits signals from CNS to effector organs

clustered together

Within the organization of CNS, interneurons, neurons with similar functions are _________.

nucleus; pathway; tract; commissure

Each cell body cluster is usually called a _________, and each axon bundle is called a _________, _________, or _________.

ganglion and nerve

With the PNS, in each group, cell bodies are clustered together to form a _________, and axons are bundled together to form a _________.

cerebrum and diencephalon

The forebrain consists of the _________.

Cerebrum

largest part; cerebral cortex - nuclei; interval white matter

initiates voluntary movement; processes sensory information; high cognitive functions (reasoning, problem-solving, language processing, conscious thought)

hemispheres and corpus callosum

The cerebrum is divided into left and right _________; which are connected by a commissure called the _________.

Diencephalon

includes the hypothalamus and thalamus

Hypothalamus

regulates endocrine functions such as hunger, thirst, body temperature

Thalamus

relay station for sensory information to cerebrum

Cerebellum

regulate or coordinative voluntary movement maintaining balance and posture

Brain Stem

connects to the spinal cord; controls vital functions such as breathing, heart rate, and digestion

reflexes - involuntary responses to stimuli

midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata

The brain stem is divided into three parts: _________.

Limbic System

involved in emotions, memory formation, and regulation of autonomic nervous system

nuclei - mostly in matter of cerebrum

Spinal Cord

composed of tracts and nuclei; communication pathway between the brain and the rest of the body

gray and white matter

The spinal cord is divided into the _________.

Gray Matter

center of spinal cord; consists of nuclei and unmyelinated tracts

Nuclei

responsible for processing sensory information and initiating motor responses

White Matter

consists of myelinated tracts

Myelinated Tracts

transmit signals between the brain and the body

Ascending Tracts

transmit sensory information to the brain

Descending Tracts

transmit motor commands from the brain

Sensory Receptors

detect changes in the external and internal environments; each is responsive to a particular stimulus

Photoreceptor

responds to only light

Thermoreceptor

responds to only temperature

receptor is a modified sensory neuron; sensory receptor is not a neuron

Two Types of Sensory Receptor

Sensory neurons that have modified dendrites

perceive sensory stimuli;

produce graded potentials in dendrites;

neurotransmitter release that stimulate interneurons;

if stimulus is strong enough, those graded potentials will induce action potential that transmits sensory info to the CNS

Sensory receptor or specialized cells that are not neurons

does not produce action potentials;

does produce graded potentials;

receptors form chemical synapses sensory neurons

somesthetic sensation and proprioception

The somatosensory system includes sensory receptors involved in __________ and __________.

Somesthetic Senstation

sensations from the skin; pressure, temperature, and pain

Proprioception

sensations from muscles, tendons, ligaments, and joints

dorsal columns and spinothalamic tract

Somatosensory information is transferred from sensory receptors to interneurons in the spinal cord and then transmitted through two of the ascending tracts: one of the ________ and the ________.

primary somatosensory cortex

These interneurons synapse with other interneurons in the thalamus, which in turn synapse with interneurons in the region of the cerebral cortex called the ________.

primary somatosensory cortex,

Somatosensory information is sent to different parts of the ___________, based where the information originated. Some parts of the body have more area devoted to their processing than other parts.

photoreception and image formation

Vision includes ___________ and ___________.

pupil

Light enters the eye through the ___________.

diameter

The amount of light entering the eye is determined by the ___________ of the pupil.

Iris

Pupil diameter is controlled by the muscles in the ___________.

iris,

The ___________ that surrounds the pupil regulates the amount of light entering the eye by adjusting the diameter of the pupil.

Crystalline Lens

focuses the image on the back of the eye; where photoreceptors are located

Photoreceptors

___________ are located in the retina.

Retina

the inner sensory portion of the eye

rods and cones

There are two types of photoreceptor: ___________ and ___________.

Rods

function in low light; incapable of detecting color

Cones

function in bright light; capable of detecting color

sensory receptors

Rods and cones are not sensory neurons. Rather they are ___________ that form chemical synapses with sensory neurons.

three

There are ___________ types of cones, and each is sensitive to light of different wavelengths of light.

action potentials

Since rods and cones are specialized sensory cells, and not modified neurons, they do not produce ___________.

chemical synapses

Instead, rods and cones form ___________ with two types of sensory neurons.

bipolar cells and horizontal cells

Instead, rods and cones form chemical synapses with two types of sensory neurons: ___________ and ___________.

Bipolar Cells

each receives sensory information from 2-4 dozen photoreceptors

Horizontal Cells

modulate sensory information received from the other type of sensory cell; it also synapses with both photoreceptors

Ganglion Cells.

Bipolar cells transmit information to another type of sensory neuron, called ___________.

ganglion cells

Each ___________ receives information from multiple bipolar cells.