Unit 1 - Biodiversity part 2

Methanogens

Archaea producing methane as waste

Halophiles

Salt-loving archaea

Thermoacidophiles

Heat and acid loving archaea

Cocci

Round-shaped bacteria

Baccili

Rod-shaped bacteria

Spirilli

Spiral-shaped bacteria

Diplo

Bacteria cells arranged in pairs

Straphylo

Bacteria cells arranged in clusters

Strepto

Bacteria arranged in a chain

Gram-positive

Thick protein layer on the cell wall

Gram-negative

Thin protein layer on the cell wall

Photosynthetic

Bacteria use light for their energy source

Chemosynthetic

Bacteria use inorganic molecules for their energy source

Binary fission

Asexual type of bacteria cell reproduction

Conjugation

“Sexual-like” reproduction of bacteria where one cell gives its DNA to another cell to then undergo binary fission

Endospore

Outer covering over bacteria’s DNA which withstands harsh conditions, able to lose its coat to grow and divide later

Pili

Bridge-like structures connecting bacteria for conjugation

Protists

Unicellular, but eukaryotic

Protozoa

animal-like protists

Algae

plant-like protists

Slime/water moulds

fungus-like protists

Sarcodines

Also called amoebas, move and engulf prey with cytoplasm

Pseudopodia

“fake feet” created by amoeba cytoplasm

Ciliates

Covered by cilia, sweep food particles into oral groove

Flagellates

Have flagella that whip from side to side to move the organism

Sporozans

Small contractions allow for gliding motion, all are parasites

Malaria

Caused by protist Plasmodium vivax, infected via mosquito bites, reproduces in the blood stream and liver

Plasmodial slime moulds

Look like tiny slugs that creep over damp areas, feed like amoebas, engulfing their prey

Cellular slime moulds

Form a pseudoplasmodium, release spores for unfavourable conditions

Water moulds

Live on dead organic matter

Diatoms

Protists with rigid cell walls with an outer layer of silica (tougher than glass)

Dinoflagellates

Photosynthetic protists with 2 flagellae, produce toxins to kill fish or humans

Euglenoids

Small with 2 flagellae; one usually much longer than the other

Chlorophyll

Found in both green algae and kingdom plantae, helps with photosynthesis

Cellulose

Found in cell walls of both green algae and kingdom plantae

Vascular tissue

Xylem and phloem carry nutrients throughout the plant

Gametes

A male or female cell that comes together to make the zygote/embryo

Bryophytes

No vascular system (ex. mosses)

Ferns

Vascular plants with gametes and fronds

Gymnosperms

Conifers, ‘naked’ seeds, vascular system

Angiosperms

All flowering plants, vascular system, produces seeds, has leaves

Chitin

Found in the cell walls of fungi

Mycelium

Underground mushroom “root system”

Hyphae

The various sections that make up mycelium

Fruiting body

The part of a fungus that is seen above ground

Fungal spores

Thick outer covering dispersed by wind used for both sexual and asexual fungal reproduction

Budding

New organism grows from the body of the fungus and detaches

Chytridiomycota

Water mould fungus which can be parasitic, causing skin disease

Zygomycota

Mostly mulitcellular fungus, make up common moulds such as bread mould

Sac Fungi

Used for food, fermentation etc, for example yeast and truffles

Club Fungi

Mushrooms and puffballs, can be poisonous

Imperfect fungi

Parasitic fungi that can look like a sac, others a club, ex: athlete’s foot or yeast infection

Ascomycota

Other word for sac fungi

Basidiomycota

Other word for club fungi

Vertebrates

Animals with a backbone

Invertebrates

Animals without a backbone

Ectoderm

Outer layer of cells, producing skin, nerve tissue, etc

Mesoderm

Middle layer of cells, producing lungs, liver, pancreas, etc

Endoderm

Inner layer of cells, producing muscles, blood, kidneys, etc

Radial symmetry

Animals that attach to one spot and have their bodies organized equally aroud a vertical axis

Bilateral symmetry

Animals that can be cut into 2 equal mirror-image halves on one vertical plane

Coelom

Internal fluid-filled body cavity; provides rigidity and support

Coelomate

Animals with a body cavity

Acoelomate

Animals without a body cavity

Sessile

Animals stationary as adults

Class pisces

Class including fish, sea horses, etc

Class Amphibia

Class including frogs, toads, salamanders, etc

Class Reptilia

Class including tortoises, cobras, crocodiles

Class Aves

Class including birds, ostriches, penguins

Class Mammalia

Class including cats, humans, dolphins, etc

4 classifications of protozoa

sarcodines, ciliates, flagellates, sporozoa

3 classifications of slime and water moulds

water moulds, plasmodial slime moulds, cellular slime moulds

3 classifications of algae

dinoflagellates, diatoms, euglenoids

5 classifications of fungi

chytrids, zygomycota, ascomycota (sac), basidiomycota (club), imperfect fungi

4 classifications of plants

gymnosperms, angiosperms, bryophytes, ferns