Solutions and Their Properties

A set of flashcards covering essential terms and concepts related to solutions and their properties.

Solution

A homogeneous mixture of two or more substances, which can be solid, liquid, or gaseous.

Solvent

The component present in the largest quantity in a solution, determining the physical state of the solution.

Solute

One or more components dissolved in the solvent to form a solution.

Types of Solutions

Gaseous, liquid, and solid solutions, categorized based on the states of solute and solvent.

Mass Percentage (w/w)

The mass percentage of a component is calculated as the mass of the component divided by the total mass of the solution, multiplied by 100.

Volume Percentage (V/V)

The volume percentage of a component is the volume of the component divided by the total volume of the solution, multiplied by 100.

Mass by Volume Percentage (w/V)

The mass of solute dissolved in 100 mL of solution.

Parts per Million (ppm)

A measure of concentration, representing the number of parts of the solute per million parts of solution.

Mole Fraction

The ratio of the number of moles of a component to the total number of moles of all components in the solution.

Molarity (M)

The number of moles of solute per liter of solution.

Molality (m)

The number of moles of solute per kilogram of solvent.

Henry's Law

At a constant temperature, the solubility of a gas in a liquid is directly proportional to the partial pressure of the gas above the solution.

Raoult's Law

The partial vapour pressure of each component in a solution is directly proportional to its mole fraction.

Colligative Properties

Properties that depend on the number of solute particles in a solution, regardless of the identity of solute.

Positive Deviation from Raoult's Law

Occurs when the vapour pressure of a solution is higher than predicted by Raoult's Law due to weaker interactions between components.

Negative Deviation from Raoult's Law

Occurs when the vapour pressure of a solution is lower than predicted by Raoult's Law due to stronger interactions between components.

Osmosis

The flow of solvent molecules from a dilute solution to a concentrated solution across a semipermeable membrane.

Osmotic Pressure

The pressure required to stop the flow of solvent into a solution through a semipermeable membrane.

Van't Hoff Factor (i)

The ratio of the normal molar mass to the experimentally determined molar mass, indicating the extent of dissociation or association of solute.