Carbonyl Chemistry Review

These flashcards cover key terminology and concepts related to carbonyl chemistry, including reactions, types of compounds, and mechanisms involved.

Reduction of Aldehydes and Ketones

The chemical process of converting aldehydes and ketones into alcohols.

Reagent for Reduction

A common reagent used for this process is sodium borohydride (NaBH4) or lithium aluminum hydride (LiAlH4).

Nucleophilic Addition

A reaction where a nucleophile adds to a carbonyl compound, forming a tetrahedral intermediate.

Hydrolysis of Acid Chloride

The process by which an acid chloride reacts with water to form a carboxylic acid.

Amide Formation

Replacing water with an amine can create an amide from an acid chloride.

Acid-Catalyzed Esterification

A process where a carboxylic acid reacts with an alcohol in the presence of an acid catalyst to form an ester.

Base-Catalyzed Esterification

A process involving the reaction of a carboxylic acid with an alcohol in the presence of a base.

Carboxylic Acids vs Alcohols

Carboxylic acids are stronger acids than alcohols due to the presence of the carbonyl group and resonance stabilization of their conjugate bases.

Acidity of Carboxylic Acids

Carboxylic acids donate protons more readily than alcohols due to their molecular structure.

Carbonyl Compound Interaction with Water

Carbonyl compounds can hydrogen bond with water, leading to increased solubility.

Diagrams of Melting and Freezing

Incorporates arrows to depict phase changes like melting, freezing, evaporation, condensation, and sublimation.

Reactants of Ester Formation

Carboxylic acid and an alcohol are reactants in the ester formation process.

Thioester

An organic compound formed where a sulfur atom is bonded to a carbonyl group.

Acyl Halide

A compound derived from a carboxylic acid where the hydroxyl group is replaced by a halide.

Drug Compounds and Carbonyl Groups

Many drug compounds contain carbonyl groups due to their reactivity and ability to form various biological interactions.

Nucleophile

An electron-rich species that donates an electron pair to form a chemical bond.

Carbonyl Group Structure

The carbonyl group (C=O) consists of a carbon atom double bonded to an oxygen atom.

Tertiary Amide

An amide where the nitrogen atom is bonded to three carbon atoms.

Lactone

A cyclic ester formed from the condensation of a hydroxyl and a carboxylic acid.

Ester

A compound formed from the reaction of an alcohol and a carboxylic acid, often with the elimination of water.