AP Human Geography 1st Semester Vocab Review

Vocab from units 1, 2, and 3; Krinhop's class

Connectivity

Degree of direct linkage between one location and other locations in a network.

Sense of Place

Feelings, perceptions, and emotions that people associate with a particular location (Personal feelings).

Ghost town

Abandoned town or city that once had civilization/population.

Remote sensing

Process of collecting date about Earth’s surface from satellites or aerial platforms/views.

GIS

Computer system that captures, stores, analyzes and display geographic data/spatial data (Computer analysis)

Mental maps

Personal internal representations of spatial information and locations based on individual/personal experience.

Reference maps

Show general features like boundaries, cities, and physical landscape, used for navigational purposes.

Political maps

Maps that show human created boundaries, like countries, states, and cities.

Physical maps

Show natural features of Earth’s surface such as mountains, rivers, and lakes.

Road maps

Maps that depict highways, streets, and transportation routes for navigation (GPS)

Plat maps

Detailed maps that show property barriers/rooms, show divisions and boundaries of a piece of land.

Locator maps

Location of a geographic region within a larger context, used in various types of maps to mark locations.

Thematic maps

Highlights a specific theme like population density, climate, economic activities, or specific information for situations.

Choropleth maps

Display divided geographic areas or regions with toned shades of colors. They represent data values, such as population or income, through varying shades or patterns.

The map shown is a choropleth map

What kind of map is shown?

Dot distribution maps

Maps that use dots to show the presence or quantity of a phenomenon.

The map shown is a dot distribution map

What kind of map is this?

Graduated symbol maps

Uses symbols of various sizes to show quantitative differences between mapped features.

The map shown is a graduated symbol map

What kind of map is this?

Isoline maps

Use lines to connect points of equal value to show gradual or continuous data.

This image shows an isoline map

What kind of map is this?

Topographic maps

Record of a land area using contour lines to show elevation and data/elevation changes.

The map shown is a topographic map

What kind of map is this?

Cartogram map

Statistical information is shown in a diagrammatic form, geographical size is/can be altered to be directly proportional to a selected variable.

The map shown is a Cartogram map

What kind of map is shown?

Cultural landscape

Geographic areas that have been shaped by human activity, cultural practices, beliefs, and values of the people who live/lived there.

Built environment

Human made surroundings like buildings/infrastructure that provide a setting/structure for human activates.

Human - Environment interaction

Ways humans use/interact/adopt with surrounding/natural environment and how humans alter environment/environment altering humans

Formal region

An area with official boundaries and a shared characteristic.

Uniform region

Everyone shares the same characteristics, like language, climate, or boundaries.

Functional region

Area organized around a central point of activity, also known as a node.

Perceptual/Vernacular region

A region defined by people’s beliefs or feelings, like the South for the US.

Mercator projection

Projection of a map of the world on to a cylinder but drawn in a grid with latitude lines being more spaced out as they touch the poles. Distortion in size but good for navagating.

Peter’s projection

Rectangular, equal area map projection that distorts shape but keeps proportional sizes.

Robinson projection

Most commonly used, oval shaped projection that shows the entire world but has minor distortion in all areas.

Conic projection

View from a pole, shaped like a semicircle. Things look smaller at the top, creating distortion.

Goode-homolosine

Interrupted map, often used in atlases an equal-area (equivalent) projection. Shapes, directions, angles, and distances are generally distorted.

Site

The actual location of a settlement/place on a map. (Physical characteristics and attributes) (The place itself)

Situation

Position of a settlement/place in relation to the surrounding area

Geographic Model

Theoretical frameworks that let us predict things like spatial relationships, interaction with or across space, and other issues of geography (Basically a model/show of geographic data)

Spatial

Relating to or occupying space, the position of things in the world, and how they relate to each other

Non-spatial

Not relating to or involved in the perception of relationships (as of objects) in space

Space-time compression

The way that the worlds seems to be getting smaller as communication, travel, and transport improves

Hydrosphere

Total amount of water on a planet

Resource

A source or supply of energy/support/material

Sustainability

Using natural resporces responsibly, so they can support both presesent an future generations

Linear pattern

Structures built in a line, usually along a major transport route such as a road or body of water

Centralized patterns

A patterned cluster that forms around a single or central location/node

Random pattern

Settlement with no correlation, distributed w/o discernable pattern

POSSIBILISM

Belief that environment is one factor that can determine culture but human innovation can overcome environment

ENVIRONMENTAL DETERMINISM

Belief that environment determines culture

Physical Geography

physical attributes of land like geographical features

human geography

study of human activity, and its affects or influences on earth’s surface

International date line

Imaginary line at 180 latitude where day changes when crossed

Greenwitch mean time (GMT)

Mean solar time at median 0 (used as a global standard)

North and South poles

90 degrees latitude n/s

Density

number of people or objects per unit area or volume

Cartographic

Related to the science of making maps

Scala of Data

Level of detail or representation of data in maps (Local to global ranges)

Scale

Relationship between distance in model and in real life

small scale

Shows LARGE amount of land/data

large scale

shows SMALL amount of land/data

Relative location

Location of object related to other locations

Useless boi

Enjoy the brain break bc I accidentally made 2 identical cards :)))

LONGITUDE

NORTH TO SOUTH - made of medians

LATITUDE

EAST TO WEST - made of paralells

Demographic regions

Areas defined by population characteristics like age, birth rate, or death rate

Population distributions

The pattern of where people live; the density of the inhabitants over an area.

Age distribution

The proportionate representation of different age groups within a population.

East Asia, South Asia, Southeast Asia, Europe

Examples of major population clusters

East US and Southeast Canada, West Africa

Examples of emerging population clusters

Sparsely populated areas

Areas that are too wet, too dry, too hot, too cold, or too hilly.

Diffusion of fertility control

The spread of birth control in an area.

Disease diffusion

When a disease is spread into a new area.

Maladaption

A trait diffusion and adopted by a place that is harmful or nonbeneficial to the people involved or the environment.

Locations of high and low

High areas with high population densities, in major cities and by bodies of water, low areas that are much more sparsely populated in less habitable areas.

Demographic equation

Population = Starting population + natural increase + net migration

Rate of natural increase (NIR)

Crude birth rate - crude death rate (Can be negative or positive)

Overpopulation

When human population surpasses the quantity the environment is able to support

Underpopulation

A situation where a region has a population that is too low to effectively utilize the available resources.

Population projection

An estimated future population size based on current demographic trends, including birth rates, death rates, and migration patterns

Spatial analysis

The study of the characteristics, location, and relationships between places and features on Earth's surface, examining how these spatial patterns influence and explain human behavior and geographic distribution across different areas

Anti - natalist policies

Methods adopted by the government to PREVENT the population from having children, such as sterilization, free birth control, free abortions, and propaganda.

Pro - natalist policies

Methods adopted by the government to ENCOURAGE the population to have children, such as tax breaks for parents, free or cheap and accessible childcare, and propaganda.

Voluntary migration

Migrants who chose or volunteered to migrate.

Forced migration

Migrants who have to move due to factors like persecution, natural disasters, or government.

Intercontinental migration

The movement of people from one continent to another.

Interregional migration

Migration from one region to another.

Rural to urban migration

When people migrate from rural areas to urban ones in pursuit of economic success.

Intervening obstacles

A geographical or social barrier that hinders or prevents a migrant from reaching their intended destination

Intervening opportunities

A positive event or situation that a migrant encounters while traveling to their destination that may cause them to settle there instead

Cyclic movement

A type of migration pattern where people regularly move away from their home base for a short period of time and then return, following a repeated pattern, often based on seasonal changes

Migratory movement

The movement of people from one place to another, often with the intention of settling permanently in a new location

Periodic movement

A type of migration where people move away from their home for a significant period of time, but eventually return, often following a recurring pattern or cycle

Internal migration

The permanent movement of people within the boundaries of a single country

Recent trends

The current and emerging patterns or developments happening in human geographic phenomena like population distribution, migration, urbanization, economic activity, or cultural practices

Demography

The statistical study of human populations, analyzing characteristics like size, distribution, and changes over time, including factors like birth rates, death rates, and migration patterns

Population densities

The measurement of how many people live within a specific unit of land area

Natality

The birth rate - The number of live births per 1,000 people in a population over a specific period of time

Mortality

The death rate - per 1000 individuals over a specific time period.