APUSH extra credit 2

Spanish colonization

Extracted wealth (gold and silver), converted Natives to Christianity, and used encomienda and caste systems. Example: New Spain and California missions by Junípero Serra.

British colonization

Sought land and permanent settlements; often displaced Natives and relied on agriculture and trade. Example: Jamestown (1607).

Indentured servants

Worked 4–7 years in exchange for passage to colonies; early labor source before slavery. Example: Chesapeake labor system in Virginia.

Covert Resistance

Hidden forms of resistance by enslaved Africans. Example: Work slowdowns, tool breaking, preserving African culture.

British West Indies

Caribbean colonies focused on sugar plantations with enslaved labor. Example: Barbados influenced southern slavery systems.

Pueblo Revolt

Native rebellion against Spanish rule and forced Christianity in New Mexico (1680). Example: Popé’s Rebellion drove Spaniards out temporarily.

Metacom's War (King Philip's War)

Conflict between New England Natives and colonists over land (1675–76). Example: Metacom’s defeat ended major Native resistance in New England.

Enlightenment Ideas

Emphasized reason, natural rights, and science; challenged monarchy and church. Example: John Locke’s ideas influenced the Declaration of Independence.

Transatlantic print culture

Exchange of ideas, books, and pamphlets between Europe and colonies. Example: Benjamin Franklin’s writings and Thomas Paine’s Common Sense.

French colonization

Focused on fur trade, alliances with Natives, and smaller settlements. Example: Quebec founded by Samuel de Champlain (1608).

Intermarriage

Unions between Europeans and Natives or Africans; more common in Spanish and French colonies. Example: Mestizo population in Spanish America.

New England Colonies

Founded for religion; small farms, shipbuilding, and trade. Example: Massachusetts Bay Colony led by Puritans.

Diverse middle colonies

Mixed cultures, religions, and fertile soil for grain crops. Example: Pennsylvania founded by Quakers for tolerance.

Europe, Africa, and American trade networks

Triangular trade exchanging goods, slaves, and raw materials. Example: Rum → slaves → sugar across Atlantic.

Atlantic slave trade

Brought enslaved Africans to the Americas via the Middle Passage. Example: Millions transported to Caribbean and southern colonies.

British imperial system

Political and economic control linking colonies to Britain; limited self-rule. Example: Salutary Neglect before mid-1700s.

Protest evangelism

Emotional preaching promoting personal conversion during revivals. Example: George Whitefield’s sermons.

Dutch colonization

Focused on trade and profit; tolerant and small settlements. Example: New Amsterdam (later New York).

Chesapeake

Tobacco-based colonies relying on indentured and later enslaved labor. Example: Virginia and Maryland.

Overt Resistance

Direct, visible acts of rebellion by enslaved people. Example: Stono Rebellion (1739) in South Carolina.

Puritans

Wanted to “purify” the Church of England; strict religious community. Example: Massachusetts Bay “city upon a hill.”

Tobacco

First major cash crop in the colonies; required large labor force. Example: John Rolfe’s cultivation in Jamestown.

Great Awakening

Religious revival (1730s–40s) stressing emotional faith and equality before God. Example: Jonathan Edwards’ sermon “Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God.”

Mercantilist Economies

Colonies served mother country through trade and raw materials. Example: Navigation Acts restricting trade to England.

Chattel

Enslaved Africans treated as property; hereditary slavery. Example: Southern plantation system in the 1700s.