Deaf Culture Midterm

What do hearing people assume about deaf people’s lives in a negative way?

will live lonely, depressing, isolated lives, with minimal educational achievement and low rates of employment.

How many generations does the deaf author have?

A 5-generation Deaf family: maternal grandparents, parents, himself and brother, 4 Deaf or hard of hearing kids, and several Deaf grandchildren

A 5-generation Deaf family: maternal grandparents, parents, himself and brother, 4 Deaf or hard of hearing kids, and several Deaf grandchildren

true

What is a visible culture?

surface elements like clothes, food, religion, languages

Five hallmarks of a culture.

language, heritage, customs, arts, and family

When did ASL begin?

1817 or early 1800s

ASL origins.

French Sign Language (LSF)

deep elements of a culture.

values and beliefs, customs, social etiquette

Difference between hearing people and deaf people?

collectivist vs. individualists. sharing information, being honest, having long goodbyes, sharing personal lives

The 90% formula.

deaf people having hearing children, hearing people having deaf children, deaf people marrying deaf people, deaf children going to mainstream schools, hearing parents unable to communicate with deaf children, etc.

Five common labels by Deaf people.

Hearing-Impaired, Deaf, Hard of Hearing, Hearing, Hearing-But.

What label Deaf people don’t accept

Hearing-Impaired, deaf and dumb, disabled, hearing challenged

Toward a better description - linguistic minority.

deaf people perceive themselves as more similar to members of various linguistic minority groups rather than to people with disabilities. there have been alternative labels like ASL users, people of the eye, signing people, and seeing people as these dont focuse on the inability.

Naming as a Liberation Factor related to proper studies name.

feminist/gender studies is now women's studies, African american studies is now black studies, Mexican american studies is now latina/o studies, Gay, bisexual, transgender studies is now queer studies

Identity formation.

A long and difficult journey. Studies suggest that dual orientation toward the Deaf community and hearing society was the healthiest approach for a Deaf person to take for a positive identity.

first stage of cultural awareness

Conformity, members of oppressed groups grow up trying to conform to society's expectations of their community.

second stage of cultural awareness

Dissonance, a person is exposed to the positive aspects of their community for the first time and often results in them considering the possibility of identifying proudly with their community.

third stage of cultural awareness

Resistance and Immersion, become determined to learn more about their culture and attempt to associate with people from their culture as much as possible and reject anything that relates to the hearing culture, deaf people often transfer to deaf schools or colleges.

fourth stage of cultural awareness

Introspection, individuals begin to examine their previous stage and realize that their effort to be as Deaf as possible does not always result in a positive outcome. Begin to formulate new ways of thinking about who they are.

fifth stage of cultural awareness

Awareness, become peaceful with themselves and their relationships with their families and other hearing people.

Cochlear implants and identity formation.

Sign language is often discouraged among cochlear implantees, deaf children are often not able to communicate fully within both Deaf and hearing cultures. Think implant will fix a child's deafness, but it just leads to them struggling with their identity.

who and what said something about asl and cochlear implants

Marschark says “there is no real evidence that signing interferes with the development of spoken language after implantation.”

Who pioneered ASL as a true language?

William Stokoe “father of ASL”

what are the four ciritial periods of enculturation proposed by Kathryn Meadows-Orlans

at birth, at intitial schooling, transferring to school, after gradutation of high school

who stated importance of name signs and that deaf children majorily used to get them at deaf schools

Kathryn Meadows-Orlans

Is ASL a written language and who talked about this

Carol Padden said no

Who wrote a book about deaf humor

Roy K. Holcomb hazards of deafness

Who wrote book about deaf history

Jack Gannon

Where did Deaf children learn ASL?

residential schools

Past and present of Deaf children at the school for the deaf

More recently, deaf children have been going to mainstream schools,

Does the Deaf culture exist?

yes, through main facets like deaf schools, deaf clubs, and ASL

Information sharing.

A notable feature of Deaf culture.Access to information isnt as easy for those who are hearing. As a community its important to share all information with each other.What ASL is and is not?

What ASL is and is not?

ASL is its own language with its own grammar, it is not “broken english”

Proper language, identity, and culture.

It is impossible to separate language from culture. ASL bounds with signs referring to the Deaf experience.

5 ASL Parameters

handshapes, locations, movements, palm orientation, non-manuals (facial expressions)

Examples of Morphemes in ASL

A morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit of a word or sign, whether it be spoken, written, or signed. when numbers are incorporated into certain noun signs like 2-weeks or 3-years-old. They also show in noun-verb pairs where you repeat the movement like chair/sit. signs above nose=male and below=female

Difference between diamond and funnel structures

Spoken English uses a funnel where the beginning of a story is broad and it gets more specific the further into a story. In ASL the conversation starts with the point, the story is told, and the point is stated again at the end.

Manually Coded English

Following English grammar and signing exactly what is being said. This is growing because of Deaf children going to mainstream schools and being taught to sign from those who are not fluent in ASL.

Where did Black American Sign Language (BASL) come from?

It came from segregated schools in the south. They did not experience the same oppression and decline from sign language in schools, so BASL continued to grow within generations.

6 linguistic variations among Deaf people

ASL monolinguals, ASL dominant bilinguals, balanced bilinguals, english dominant bilinguals, english monolinguals, semi-linguals

ASL monolinguals

deaf people who are competent only in ASL

ASL dominant bilinguals

Deaf people have skills in both ASL and English but are more fluent in ASL

Balanced bilinguals

Deaf people who are able to use both languages equally well

English dominant bilinguals

Deaf people who are more fluent in English than ASL

English monolinguals

Deaf people have no knowledge of ASL and use English as their primary language

Semi-linguals

deaf people who have limited skills in both ASL and English

Continuum of Sign Language.

Because of confusion regarding the role and influence of English in sign language usage, it was proposed in 1980 by Baker and Cokely.

Left and right of the continuum

(own language) ASL MCE and Rochester (follows english word order)

Middle of the continuum

where ASL and english are blended which is called pidgin sign english

what ASL academic community calls fluent ASL signer accommodating novice signers by shifting to more english-like signing

contact signing

traditional ASL

the older more proper version of ASL

modern asl

what majority of younger poeple use and is heavi;y influenced by their signed english background. Its a mix of traditional ASL and MCE

rarefied ASL

proper ASL, but is more artistic. Often used in stage preformences, poems, and lyrics.