OBGYN Risk Factors

A comprehensive set of flashcards summarizing key obstetrics and gynecology concepts for exam preparation.

What is the #1 risk factor for ovarian cancer?

Family history of ovarian cancer.

When should breast cancer screening begin?

Every year after age 40 or every 2 years from ages 50 to 75.

How often should cervical cancer screening be performed for women aged 21-30?

Every 3 years, regardless of sexual activity.

What must women receive during their first prenatal visit?

Screening for syphilis, asymptomatic bacteriuria, and HIV.

When should RhoGam be administered?

Between 28-32 weeks of pregnancy and within 72 hours of delivery.

How is the dose of RhoGam determined?

Using the Kleihauer-Betke test.

What is the most common cause of death in cervical cancer?

Renal failure, especially from ureteral compression.

What is the primary risk factor for endometriosis?

Previous cesarean section.

What is the major risk factor for preeclampsia?

Prior history of preeclampsia and nulliparity.

What is the primary risk factor for uterine inversion?

Prior uterine inversion.

What is the most common risk factor for chorioamnionitis?

Prolonged rupture of membranes.

What is the main risk factor for placenta previa?

Previous cesarean section.

What is the #1 risk factor for preterm labor?

Previous preterm labor

What is the #1 risk factor for endometrial carcinoma?

Obesity and unopposed estrogen exposure.

Which is the most common cause of ectopic pregnancy?

History of ectopic pregnancy and smoking.

What is the major risk factor for cervical incompetence?

Cervical conization or LEEP.

What is the number 1 risk factor for cervical cancer?

Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection.

What is the primary risk factor for fetal macrosomia?

Gestational diabetes or pre-existing diabetes.

What is the number 1 risk factor for shoulder dystocia?

Fetal macrosomia

What is the most common cause of placental abruption?

Trauma or cocaine use.

What is the leading risk factor for urinary incontinence?

Stress incontinence related to age and multiparity.

What is the primary risk factor for Asherman syndrome?

History of uterine curettage.

What are the most important prognostic factors (MIPF) for breast cancer?

Number of involved axillary lymph nodes and size of tumor.

What are the key prognostic factors for cervical cancer?

Stage at diagnosis and involvement of pelvic or paraaortic lymph nodes.

What is the most common complication of anti-phospholipid antibody syndrome in pregnancy?

Recurring spontaneous abortions.

What is the most likely complication in the first 20 weeks of pregnancy?

Spontaneous abortion.

What is the most common cause of hypertension in women of reproductive age?

Use of oral contraceptive pills.

What is the presumed mechanism behind endometriosis?

Retrograde menstruation through fallopian tubes.

What is the leading risk factor for female infertility or ectopic pregnancy?

Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) leading to scarring.

What is the most common ovarian mass in pregnancy?

Corpus luteum cyst.

What is the primary risk factor for uterine sarcoma?

Radiation therapy to the pelvis.

What is the main mechanism behind increased insulin resistance during pregnancy?

Human placental lactogen.

Which sexually transmitted infection is one of the main causes of vaginitis?

Trichomonas.

What is the most common sexually transmitted infection (STI) in the US?

Chlamydia.

What is the most likely clinical presentation of cervical cancer?

Abnormal vaginal bleeding, especially post-coital bleeding.

What is the diagnosis for a 27-year-old female who gave birth 4 weeks ago with a non-tender thyroid and hypothyroid state

Postpartum thyroiditis due to recent pregnancy.

A 40 year old female is moving her legs aimlessly in bed at night. What is this indicative of and what is the risk factor for this?

This is indicative of Restless Legs Syndrome, which is often associated with iron deficiency.

What condition is suggested in a 40-year-old female with new-onset shortness of breath and tachycardia who has a history of smoking and recently started oral contraceptives?

Pulmonary embolism.

A 55 year old woman who has a family history of osteoporosis is perimenopausal with severe vasomotor symptoms. Which part of the presentation warrants hormone replacement therapy?

The severe vasomotor symptoms

A 55 year old perimenopausal woman is taking hormone replacement therapy for severe hot flashes, but stopped taking the progesterone component. What is she at risk for?

Endometrial hyperplasia and cancer

What is usually the best management step for a patient on HRT who develops breast cysts?

Biopsy of the cyst.

What is the likely risk factor for a 50-year-old female with irregular menses and heavy vaginal bleeding?

Anovulation due to PCOS.

What does tamoxifen increase the risk of in women?

Endometrial cancer due to partial agonist effects.

What is the next best step for a patient with a family history of ovarian cancer but no BRCA mutations?

Prescribing oral contraceptive pills.

What could indicate abruptio placentae in a pregnant patient with painful contractions and vaginal bleeding?

Risk factors include cocaine use.

What diagnosis should be considered in a patient with painless vaginal bleeding at 35 weeks of gestation?

Placenta previa.

What is the diagnosis for a patient experiencing postpartum hemorrhage with the placenta attached to the myometrial layer?

Placenta accreta.

What is the condition where the fetal anterior shoulder is caught behind the maternal pubic symphysis and what is the risk factor?

Shoulder dystocia, often associated with maternal diabetes.

What complication is likely in a mother with fetal macrosomia leading to shoulder dystocia?

Vaginal laceration.

What is the diagnosis for a patient with amenorrhea and a history of dilation and curettage?

Asherman syndrome.

What is a risk factor for intrauterine growth restriction in pregnancy?

Uteroplacental insufficiency, such as from smoking.

What risk factor is associated with Ebstein anomaly in a newborn?

Lithium exposure during pregnancy.

What next step is appropriate for a pregnant patient with abnormal AFP measurement?

Fetal ultrasound to confirm dates.

What is the diagnosis for a 40-year-old pregnant woman with specific AFP results indicating Down syndrome?

Down syndrome due to increased maternal age.

What condition does a young child have if they present with a long and smooth philtrum, widely spaced eyes, single palmar crease, and slanted palpebral fissures?

Fetal alcohol syndrome due to maternal alcohol consumption.