honors bio ~ cells and systems

seven properties of living organisms

1) growth

2) reproduction

3) regulation

4) responses to environment

5) order

6) evolutionary adaptation

7) energy processing

cell theory (2 parts)

1) All living things are made of cells 

2) All cells comes from other preexisting cells

what 4 structures do ALL cells have?

1) DNA

2) ribosomes

3) cytoplasm

4) membrane

Prokaryotic Cell

Organisms that are bacteria

• lacks membrane bound nucleus

• lacks membrane-bound organelles

Eukaryotic Cell

Cell found that contains a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles; fundamental building blocks of the four groups

The two major groups of Prokaryotic cells

Archaebacteria and Bacteria

The four organisms that are eukaryotes?

1) animals

2) plants

3) fungi

4) protists

Fimbriae

hair-like atattchments on bacterial cells that help with adherence

ribosomes

structures that synthesize proteins in both P and E cells

• In E cells:

  • Free: floating in cytoplasm (synthesize proteins for cytsol)

  • Bound: attached to the RER (synthesize proteins for membrane)

nucleoid

The region where cell’s DNA is located

• In prokaryotic cells only

plasma membrane

A thin flexible barrier that surrounds all living cells, separating the cells interior environment from the external environment

• contains phospholipid bilayer

• in all cells 

cell wall

rigid outer layer found in prokaryotic and all eukaryotic cells except animal cells

• structural support

• shape

• protection

capsule

thick jelly-like protective layer that surrounds some bacteria (only prokaryotic)

Flagella (pl)

“tail-like” addition that helps single-celled organisms move 

• in P cells they spin in a rotary motion

• in E cells they whip back and forth

bacterial chromosome

the main genetic material of a bacterium; consists of a single, circular, double-stranded DNA

Organelle definition (literal)

little organ

Purpose of organelles in eukaryotic cell

to perform specialized functions

What surrounds every individual organelle?

a membrane of phospholipids (i think)

what 3 organelles do animal cells lack? (CCC)

1) cell wall

2) chloroplasts

3) large central vacuole

CCC

what 3 organelles do plant cells lack? (LFC)

1) lysosomes

2) flagella

3) centrioles

LFC

nucleus

contains the cell’s genetic instructions encoded by DNA

• command center 

• only in eukaryotic

nucleolus

where ribosomal RNA is synthesized according to DNA directions

• found in nucleus

• E cells only

nuclear membrane/envelope

a double layered barrier that separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm

• protects genetic material

• E cells only

Centrioles:

Golgi Apparatus

modifies, sorts, and packages lipids and proteins in vesicles for transport to one of three paths:

**E cells only

RER

A network of membranes that synthesizes and modifies proteins

• eukaryotic cells

• has ribosomes

SER

A network of membranes that synthesizes lipids and steroids, detoxifies harmful substances

• eukaryotic cells

• lacks ribosomes

mitochondria

organelle that generates most of the cell’s energy in the fomr of ATP through cellular respiration 

• eukaryotic cells

• “powerhouse of the cell”

• E cells only

chloroplast

photosynthesizing organelles in plants and algae

• light energy into chemical energy

• E cells only

lysosomes

membrane-bound organelles containing digestive enzymes that break down waste materials

• the cell’s “recycling center”

• formed off of Golgi

• E cells only

non membrane-bound organelles in eukaryotic cells (4)

1) nucleolus

2) cytoskeleton

3) centrosomes

4) ribosomes

Central vacuole

stores water, nutrients, and waste products in plant cells

• E cells only

Cytoskeleton

network of proteins that provides cell support, maintains cell shape, enables cell movement

• P and E cells 

• composed of microfilaments, microtubules, and intermediate filaments

What is the cytoskeleton composed of? (3)

1) microfilaments

2) intermediate filaments

3) microtubules

extracellular matrix

network of macromolecules (including proteins and carbs) that surroudns and supports cells in tissues

• cell regulator

• structural support

• both E and P cells

plasmodesmata

microscopic channels that connect adjacent plant cells

• allows direct exchange of water and nutrients

• essential for plant growth and development

• E cells only

Endomembrane system

a network of membranes and organelles that work together to synthesize, distribute, store, and export molecules

Organelles part of Endomembrane system

the nuclear envelope, ER (both), golgi apparatus, lysosome, vesicles, vacuoles, plasma membrane

vesicles

small membrane-bound sacs that bud off other organelles to transport materials between them

• move the product from the ER to the golgi, then from golgi to other places

Mitochondria and Chloroplasts are both energy ______, but they differ in ______ (list ways).

converters

C vs M

Plants and algae vs. nearly all eukaryotic cells

Photosynthesis vs. cellular respiration

light into chemical energy of sugar vs. food into chemical energy of ATP for cellular work

Endosymbiosis Theory

eukaryotic cells (mitochondria and chlorplasts) evolved from a smaller prokaryotic cell being engulfed by a bigger prokaryotic cell, which then became mitochondria and chloroplast

What supports the Endosymbiosis Theory? (3)

1) Both Mitochondria and Chloroplasts have their own (70s) ribosomes

2) Both have their own circular DNA

3) Both have double membrane

What are the three types of cellular junctions and their functions?

Tight: seal cells together to create a barrier and block passage of molecules

ex) lining of intestines, kidneys, etc

Anchoring: connect cytoskeletons of adjacent cells for strength

ex) skin and muscles where mechanical stress is high

Gap: for channels of communication between cells; allows for direct transport

ex) cardiac muscle for synchronized contractions

organ system, cellular, organ, tissue, organism  ~ list in order of complexity

cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organism

Tissue (definition)

Integrated group of similar cells that perform a common function

Epithelial tissue (type, description/function)

• animal tissue

• protective, tightly-packed layer of cells that cover the body surface and line internal organs and cavaties

• absorbs substances, secretes fluids

Epithelial tissue example

the epidermis (outer layer of skin)

Connective tissue (type, description/function)

• animal tissue

• cells embedded in an extracurricular matrix (fibers and ground substance)

• supports, binds, and protects other tissues and organs

• different types depend on how tough it is

• “sparse population of cells scattered throughout matrix”

Connective tissue example

cartilage, blood (liquid matrix), fat, bone

Nervous tissue (type, description/function)

• animal tissue

• senses stimuli and rapidly transmits info

• composes of neurons (transmit signals) and neuroglia (provide support and protection)

• sensory perception, communication control, motor control

Things in the body partly composed of nervous tissue

brain, spinal cord, nerves

CMEN (animal)

connective, muscle, epithelial, nervous

organ system (definition)

a group of organs that work together to perform a specific function(s) in the body

CRIMSUN RI/LE (systems)

circulatory, respiratory, integumentary, muscular, skeletal, urinary, nervous, reproductive, lymphatic/immune, endocrine

Circulatory (description/function)

• delivers O2 to body cells

• transports Co2 to lungs and metabolic waste to kidneys

• both via red blood cells

• network between heart, blood, blood vessels

Respiratory system (description/function)

• exchanges gases with the environment

  • supplies blood with (sucks in) O2, disposes of (releases) Co2

• lungs, nose, airways

Integumentary system (description/function)

• protects against physical injury, infection

• skin, hair, nails, gland

• protective barrier against external environment

Skeletal system (description/function)

• the bodies framework of bones and connective tissues

• provides support, protection of organs (brain, heart, and lungs), enables muscle movement

• produces blood cells in bone marrow (..??maybe)

Nervous system (description/function)

• coordinates bodies activities (movement, breathing, etc) by detecting stimuli, integrating info, and directing responses

• brain, spinal cord, nerves

Muscular system (description/function)

• moves body, maintains posture, produces heat

• specialized cells called muscle fibers 

Urinary system (description/function)