NCM100j

1st Semester Midterms

Theory

organized system of accepted  knowledge that is composed of concepts,  propositions, definitions and assumptions  intended to explain a set of facts, events or  phenomena. 

Theory according to Chin & Kramer

a creative and rigorous  structuring of ideas that projects a tentative,  purposeful and systemic view of phenomena.

Theory according to Smith & Parker (2015)

a notion, idea that  explains experiences, interprets observation,  describes relationships and project outcomes. 

Theory according to Kozier (2008)

A system of ideas that is  proposed to explain a given phenomenon. 

Definition

various descriptions which convey a general  meaning. 

Assumptions

is a statement that specifies the relationship of  factual concepts

Phenomena

an observable circumstance or event – disease concepts, racism

Proposition

is a logically and theoretically valid statement  that explains relations between  

variables/parameters/concepts under  

consideration. 

Conceptual Framework

defines the relevant variables for  your study and maps out how they might  relate to each other 

Nursing, according to American Nursing Association (ANA)

diagnosis and treatment of human  response to actual or potential health problems.

Nursing, according to International Council of Nurses (ICN)

encompasses autonomous and  collaborative care of individuals of all ages,  families, groups and communities, sick or well in all settings

Nursing Importance

enhance students understanding of the principles, values, and  meanings of nursing profession.

Significance

• useful in guiding nursing practice and  scholarship 

• provide structure from which testable theories  may be derived

Internal Consistency

requires all constructs of the theory to be  congruent, including the philosophical claims,  conceptual model, concepts, and proposition

Parsimony

This principle of Occam's razor dictates that a theory should provide the  simplest possible (viable) explanation for a  phenomenon

Testability

Can be questioned; subjected to examination + makes the most reliable guide to scholarly work 

Empirical Adequacy

used to ascertain the congruence between  theoretical assertions and empirical evidence. 

Pragmatic Adequacy

refers to a criterion common to practice  disciplines in which theories and research  findings must be useful to enhance practice or  solve issues arising from practice (Fawcett &  Downs, 1992). 

Theorist for Theory of Human Needs + its concepts

1.) Abraham Maslow

2.) Concepts:

• Self Actualization (desire to accomplish everything that one can, and “to become everything one is capable of becoming”)

• Self-esteem (the need for respect from others and  the need for respect from oneself.)

• Love and Belongingness (give and receive love)

• Security and Safety (need for law, order, and  protection)

• Physiological Needs (basic needs - oxygen is the most basic)

Theory of Human Needs / Hierarchy of Needs

The theory states that humans are motivated to  fulfill their needs in a hierarchical order. The  ultimate goal, according to the theory, is to  reach the fifth level of the hierarchy.

Abraham Maslow

Man is a wanting being was said by which theorist

Theory of Human Needs

This theory remind nurses that an individual's basic needs must be fulfilled before attempting to meet higher-level requirements.

Sullivan’s Interpersonal Theory

Role of interpersonal relationships and social  experiences in shaping personality.

Stages of Development according to Sullivan

• Infancy (0-18) - gratification of needs

• Childhood (18 months - 6 yrs) - delayed gratification

• Juvenile (6-9 yrs) - formation of peer group

• Pre-adolescence (9-12 yrs) - developing relation with the same gender

• Early Adolescence (12-14 yrs) - identity

• Late Adolescence (14-21 yrs) - Forming lasting relationship

Three types of Self according to Sullivan

Good me (social appraisal), Bad me (based on fear and anxiety of negative feedback), Not me (repressed component of self)

Lewin’s Change Theory

The theory posits that there are three main  stages in the change process: Unfreezing,  Change, Refreezing

Unfreeze

Initial phase/stage of change according to Lewin’s theory

Change

When a change is implemented according to Lewin’s theory

Freeze

Final stage; stabilizing the change according to Lewin’s theory

Erickson’s Stages of Psychosocial Development Theory

This theory focuses on the personality gained at each stage through social interaction and relationships. It highlights the conflicts humans face at each stage of development. 

8 stages of Erickson’s Stages of Psychosocial Development Theory

Lawrence Kohlberg’s Moral Development Theory

Theorized that humans develop their  moral judgements in 6 stages

Moral/Morality

defined as  beliefs  about what is wrong and right, good and bad

• Pre-conventional Stage - Self-centered

• Stage 1: Obedient and Punishment (fear/rewards)

• Stage 2: Self-Interest (own needs / interest)

• Type of stage of Stage 1 of MDT

• Two stages of Stage 1

• Conventional

• Stage 3: Interpersonal Relationships (desire to be seen as a good person)

• Stage 4: Maintaining Social order (values, laws, authorities)

• Type of stage of Stage 2 of MDT

• Two stages of Stage 2 in MDT

• Post-Conventional

• Stage 5: Social Contract (laws and rules are  seen as flexible)

• Universal Principle (justice, equality, and human  rights)

• Type of stage of Stage 3 of MDT

• Two stages of Stage 3 in MDT

Jean Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive

a theory of development gathered through observing his own children's behavior on certain tasks during infancy and childhood.  

Schema

an assumption that an individual has of the self, others, or the world; building blocks of knowledge in Jean Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive

Assimilation

process by which we incorporate new information into existing schemas in Jean Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive

Accommodation

new information or  experiences cause you to modify your existing schemas in Jean Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive

Equilibration

process of balancing  assimilation and accommodation to create  schemes that fit the environment in Jean Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive

Sensorimotor (0-2 years old)

 Babies develop their first schemas by using  their senses  in Jean Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive.

Object Permanence

ability to know that an  object exists even when it is not being sensed  in Jean Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive. 

Pre-operational Stage (2-5 years old)

The thinking is influenced by the way things  appear rather than logical reasoning in Jean Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive. 

Concrete Operational Stage (6-11 years old)

• More frequent and accurate use of logical  transformations and operation  

• Children at this age can think more logically  about physical reality 

Formal Operational Stage

• Scientific & abstract reasoning  

• Metacognition - ability to reflect upon one’s  thinking 

Eric Berne’s Transactional Analysis Theory and Therapy

This theory looks at how we speak and respond to others and at the roles we play. It proposed that every individual has three ego states, which are distinct patterns of thinking, feeling, and behaving.

Eric Berne’s Transactional Analysis Theory and Therapy

His theory was based on the ideas of Freud  and Carl Jung but it was distinctly different.

Three Ego States

• Parent

• Adult

• Child

Complementary Transactions

Transactions that occur when two people communicate with each other in the same role.

Crossed Transactions

Transactions that take place when two people communicate with each other in different roles.  

Life Scripts

In TAT&T, the unconscious life plans or patterns of behavior that people develop in early childhood.

Florence Nightingale

known as the “Founder of Modern  Nursing”

Environmental Theory

The act of utilizing the environment of the  patient to assist him in his recovery

Four (4) Concepts of Environmental Theory

• Natural laws

• Mankind can achieve perfection 

• Nursing is a calling

• Nursing is an art and science

Environment

can be external and internal, and is stressed in Nightingale’s writing, where she focused more on ventilation, warmth, noise, light, and cleanliness. 

Florence Nightingale

states that “health is not  only to be well, but to be able to use every power  we have.” 

• Pure Air

• Pure Water

• Efficient Drainage

• Light

• Cleanliness

5 Essential Components of a healthy environment in Health of Houses

Virginia Henderson

The Modern-Day Nightingale

Virginia Henderson’s Nursing Need Theory

Focuses on the importance of increasing the  patient’s independence so that progress after  hospitalization would not be delayed 

Abraham Maslow’s Theory

14 Human Basic Needs of Virginia Henderson was based on this theory

Faye Glen Abdellah’s 21 Nursing Problems

The practice of competent nursing care in the future is for the nursing student to realize that

identifying and answering overt and covert nursing problem is the core of Nursing

Identify the problem

Select the data

Devise hypothesis

Test hypothesis

Revise Hypothesis

Problem-Solving Process in Faye Glen Abdellah’s 21 Nursing Problems

Faye Glen Abdellah’s 21 Nursing Problems

conceptual model mainly

concerned with patient’s needs and

nurses’ role in problem identification using

a problem analysis approach

Ernestine Wiedenbach (Author of the Helping Art of Clinical Nursing)

known for her work in theory

development and maternal infant nursing

while teaching maternity nursing

Need for Help (Ernestine Wiedenbach)

A measure desired by the patient that has

the potential to restore or extend the ability

to cope with the demand implicit in his

actions. This is based on the individual’s

perception of his own situation.

Phenomenal Field (Theory of Human Caring)

The totality of human experience of one’s in

the world.

Subjectively; objectively

The present is more ______ real, and

the past is more ______ real in Jean Watson’s theory.

Jean Watson

stated the term “soul-satisfying”

when giving out care for the clients.

Patricia Benner

A nursing theorist famous for introducing

the Skill Acquisition in nursing

Patricia Benner

She is the first to develop the five different

stages of clinical competence

Patricia Benner’s from Novice to Expert

Presents a systematic way of how a nurse

develops their skills and understanding of

patient care over time.

Patricia Benner’s from Novice to Expert

Utilizes the Dreyfus Model of Skill

Acquisition by the Dreyfus brothers, Stuart

and Hubert, as basis or underlying principle

in creating the concept

Novice

Stage in Benner’s theory: Beginner with no experience

Advanced Beginner

Stage in Benner’s theory: Has gained prior experience in actual

situations to recognize recurring

meaningful components

Advanced Beginner

Stage in Benner’s theory: Principles, based on experiences, begin to

be formulated to guide actions

Competent

Stage in Benner’s theory: Typically, a nurse with 2-3 years of experience on the job in the same area or

in similar day-to-day situations

Competent

Stage in Benner’s theory: Gains perspective from planning own

actions based on conscious, abstract, and

analytical thinking and helps to achieve

greater efficiency and organization

Proficient

Stage in Benner’s theory: More holistic understanding improves

decision-making

Expert

Stage in Benner’s theory: No longer relies on principles, rules, or

guidelines to connect situations and

determine actions

Expert

Stage in Benner’s theory: Has intuitive grasp of clinical situations

Expert

Stage in Benner’s theory: Performance is now fluid, flexible, and

highly-proficient

Hildegard Peplau

“Mother of Psychiatric Nursing”

Hildegard Peplau

Published her 1st book “Interpersonal

relations in Nursing”

Hildegard Peplau’s Interpersonal Relations Theory

Emphasizes the “nurse-client” relationship

as the main foundation of nursing practice.

Hildegard Peplau’s Interpersonal Relations Theory

A “maturing force and an educative

instrument” involving an interaction

between two or more individuals with a

common goal.

Orientation

Phase in HP’s IRT: Initial interaction between

the nurse and client as strangers.

Orientation

Phase in HP’s IRT: Client

seeks assistance, asks questions, and

conveys needs to express desire for

professional help.

Identification

Phase in HP’s IRT: Client begins to open

up more to the nurse. Feelings of

relatedness and hope resonate.

Exploitation

Phase in HP’s IRT: Client makes full use of

the services offered.

Termination

Phase in HP’s IRT: Client earns

independence and no longer needs

professional service. Relationship ends.

Exploitation

Phase in HP’s IRT: Patient moves on from

a dependent role to an independent one.

Orientation

Phase in HP’s IRT: Nurse responds by

identifying problems, uses available

resources and services to help address the

needs of the client.

Stranger

Surrogate

Resource Person

Teacher

Leader

Counselor

6 Nursing roles according to H. Peplau

In Ida-Jean Orlano-Pelletier’s theory, ______ (metaparadigm) is replaced

by a sense of helplessness as the

initiator of a necessity for nursing.

1. Function of Professional Nursing

2. Presenting Behavior

3. Immediate Reaction

4. Nursing Process Discipline

5. Improvement

Ida Jean Orlando described her model as

revolving around the following five major

interrelated concepts:

Nurse Reaction

The patient’s

behavior stimulated a _______,

which marks the nursing process

discipline’s beginning.

Automatic / Deliberative

The

nurse’s action may be ________ or _________

Automatic

are nursing actions

decided upon for reasons other

than the patient’s immediate need

Deliberative

are nursing actions

decided upon after ascertaining a

need and then meeting this need.