Human Anatomy and Physiology

Mechanical digestion

breaking food into smaller pieces

chemical digestion

breaking nutrients into small molecules

enzymes

(hydrolases) the speeding up of action in digestive system chemically

Hydrolysis

the process by splitting molecules by adding water.

Anus

one of the two opening that allows you to defecate

Alimaentary canal

Carries out specific phases of digestive process ex. mechanical and chemical digestion and absorption

* anus and mouth canal
* has specialized processes for digestion.

Accessory organs

liver, gallbladder and pancreaas

surface area

makes food easier to swallow and digest

salivary glands

food stimulates a part of your mouth to release saliva which contains enzyme amylase

Amylase

breaks down starch into smaller carbohydrates molecules (monosaccharides and disaccharides)

Pharynx

when food is swallowed in gets pushes down by the tongue into the throat.

* Throat

esophagus

food passes through here from throat

epiglottis

covers wind pipe when swallowing

Stomach

From esophagus the food is passed through there by muscular contractions

Peristalsis

muscular contractions

Gastric Juice

released by the lining of the stomach, and is made up of hydrochloric acid and protease

proteases

protein digesting enzymes

chyme

a liquid resulted from the smooth muscles mix partially digested food in the stomach

Small intestine

* chyme is released into the ………. in small portions through the pyloric sphincter
* most digestion takes place in the …..
* major site for absorption of of nutrients into the blood stream
* 6 meters long in humans

Pyloric Sphincter

chyme is released here through the …….. in small portions

Liver

produces bile that is stored in the gallbladder

Bile

helps break down fats

Gallbladder

stores bile,

Pancreas

supplies number of enzymes needed for digestion

villi

facilitates absorption \n - increases surface area for absorption of the end products of digestion into the blood and lymph.

large intestine/ colon

* undigested food is moved to the …….
* responsible for reabsorbing water that has entered the alimentary canal

rectum

feces stored here

Atrium

2 chambers of the heart that receive blood

Ventricles

2 chambers that pump blood to the body

atrioventricular valve

the valve in which blood passes from the atrium to the ventricle \n - purpose of valve to prevent back flow

pulmonary artery

the right ventricle pumps the blood through the semilunar valve into the …… \n - carries the blood to the lungs

deoxygenated

When the gas exchange occurs the blood is first……

oxygenated

\- blood receives air at the lungs, where gas exchange occurs.

pulmonary veins

\- newly oxygenated blood leaves the lungs through the ………which then returns blood to the left atrium

systole

When the heart contracts, the pressure increases

diastole

when the heart relaxes , the pressure is lowered

coronary circulation

The circulation of blood to the heart

pulmonary circulation

The circulation of blood through the lungs

systemic circulation

circulation throughout the body

Blood

considered connective tissue that is made up of a variety of cells suspended in liquid called plasma

Plasma

variety of cells suspended in a liquid

* liquid part of blood
* About 55% of our blood

hemoglobin

oxygen carrier

* iron-rich compound

White blood cells/ leukocytes

involved in host immune defense

Platelets

found in plasma, pieces of cells that are important in blood clotting

lymph capillaries

* as blood passes through the vessels of the circulatory system , fluid and proteins can leak out
* the lost fluid diffuses into the …….

Lymph nodes

* are special pockets in the lymphatic system where the lymph is filtered
* white blood cells are present here to attack bacteria and viruses that may be present in the fluid

Arteries

transport blood away from the heart.

* can feel a pulse there

Capillaries

tiny blood vessels that connect arteries and veins

* materials leave and enter through the walls that are one cell thick

Pharynx

throat; passageway for food to the esophagus and air to the larynx

trachea

windpipe

larynx

voice box \n contains vocal cords

bronchi

The passages that branch from the trachea and direct air into the lungs

bronchioles

small subdivisions of the bronchi that are dead ends with tiny air sacks called alveoli at the end

* thin tubes

alveolus (alveoli)

tiny sacs of lung tissue specialized for the movement of gases between air and blood

* the functional unit of the lung
* air sac

diaphragm

a sheet of muscle lining the bottom of the thoracic cavity

increasing diaphragm pressure

forces outside air into the lungs and increases the pressure forces exhaled air out of lungs

exhaled air has more ___ than inhaled air

carbon dioxide and water

how gas exchange occurs during respiration (for blood to become oxygenated)

capillaries surround alveoli \n gas exchange occurs across alveolar membrane via diffusion

diffusion during gas exchange between alveoli and capillaries

blood picks up the oxygen and carries it back to the heart \n carbon dioxide is exhaled

cellular respiration

process by which we get energy from the food that we eat \n - can be aerobic or anaerobic

aerobic respiration

occurs when oxygen is present and it is the opposite process to that of photosynthesis

aerobic respiration begins at the __ and ends at the __

cytoplasm and ends in the mitochondria

anaerobic respiration

Respiration in the absence of oxygen. This produces lactic acid \n \n less efficient

forumla for aerobic respiration

glucose + oxygen = carbon dioxide + water + energy

lactic acid

when a muscle continues to burn sugar but doesn't have enough oxygen to do it properly

* cause of sore muscles after strenuous exercise

neuron

functional unit of a nervous system

nervous system

regulates body function and responds to environmental stimuli

Sodium

an essential nutrient and is needed by the body in relatively small amounts

Potassium

an essential mineral that is needed by all tissues in the body.

impulse

the electrical discharge that travels along a nerve fiber

dendrites

extension of the cell body of a neuron that carries impulses from the environment or from other neurons toward the cell body \n \n receives impulse

Cell body

largest part of a typical neuron; contains the nucleus and much of the cytoplasm

axon

the extension of a neuron, ending in branching terminal fibers, through which messages pass to other neurons or to muscles or glands.

axon terminal

The endpoint of a neuron where neurotransmitters are stored.

neurotransmitters

chemical used by a neuron to transmit an impulse across a synapse to another cell

myelin sheath

help transmit impulses faster

synapses

location at which a neuron can transfer an impulse to another cell

sensory neurons

transmit impulses from sense organs and receptors

interneurons

make up the brain and spinal cord

motor neurons

carry impulses from interneurons to skeletal and visceral muscles and glands

Nerves

bundles of axons of sensory and motor neurons

Central Nervous System (CNS)

includes brain and spinal cord

* responsible for processing info

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

nerves and sense receptors

* responsible for transmitting info to and from CNS

PNS divided into two branches

somatic and autonomic PNS

Somatic

external environment

* transmits signals from the central nervous system to skeletal muscles, and from receptors of external stimuli, thereby mediating sight, hearing, and touch.

Autonomic

internal environment

* Acting or occurring involuntarily, without conscious control.

Spinal Cord

extends from the brain and downward and is enclosed by the bones of the vertebral column, or spine

* conducts sensory and motor nerve impulses to and from the brain
* acts as the center for reflex actions

Reflex Arc

carries out simple, quick, and automatic responses to certain stimuli

* commonly defensive and do not necessarily involve the brain

Brain

protected and enclosed within the cranium and is divided into three areas

cerebrum

makes up the largest portion of brain and the site for high level thinking

* conscious and voluntary actions controlled here

Cerebellum

the "little brain" attached to the rear of the brainstem; it helps coordinate voluntary movement/ coordination and balance

Brain Stem/ Medulla

controls basic homeostatic functions \n - body temps, Blood Pressure, breathing,

Homeostasis

process by which the body maintains a relatively stable internal environment by secretion from endocrine glands

Hormones

chemicals that act as messengers and that help control the important processes of growth, metabolism, reproduction, osmotic balance, and development

* bind to receptors and influencing the activity of the cell
* usually activated by a stimulus

negative feedback mechanism

homeostatic control mechanism that reduces the output of the stimulus

positive feedback mechanism

homeostatic control mechanism that increases the stimulus to push the variable farther from its original value

where are blood cells made?

red marrow of long bones

pituitary gland (funct, hormones assoc.)

the endocrine system's most influential gland, controls other endocrine glands \n -growth stimulating hormone \n -thyroid stimulating hormone

thyroid gland (funct, hormones assoc.)

regulates metabolism \n -thyroxin

parathyroid gland (funct, hormones assoc.)

regulates calcium metabolism \n essential for proper bone formation \n -parathormone