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CASE STUDIES
CHOLERA, HAITI = Case study of one country which has experienced a natural hazard, such as an earthquake, drought or monsoon rains, and the implications this has on a named disease, such as cholera or typhoid
AIR POLLUTION, INDIA = Case study of one country experiencing air pollution and the impact this has on incidences of cancers (such as lung or bladder). The global and national solutions in dealing with this
MALARIA, ETHIOPIA = Case study of one communicable disease, such as malaria or tuberculosis, at a country scale, either an LIDC or EDC
CANCER, UK = Case study of one noncommunicable disease, such as cardio-vascular
disease or diabetes, at a country scale, either an AC or EDC
SAVE THE CHILDREN, SIERRA LEONNE = Case study of the role that one NGO has played in dealing with a disease outbreak within one country at national and local level
ATERMISIN (ANTI MALARIA) = Case study of one medicinal plant, such as rosy periwinkle and opium poppy, including their growing conditions, international trade, medicinal importance for disease and sustainable use
GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) = Case study of the global impact of one pharmaceutical transnational, including scientific breakthroughs made, patents, drug manufacturing and their global flows for distribution
CASE STUDY CHOLERA HAITI (spec 1c)
geographical area covered by the hazard and its influence on the risk and outbreak of disease
Haiti stats
carribean country
population of 10 million
roughly 1 million in the capital Port Au Prince
Hati Eathquake 2010
inland eathquake, close to the capital Port Au Prince
7 on MMS
50 plus aftershocks
death toll = 100,000 to 160,000
280,000 buildings destroyed
shocks as far as cuba (2km from capital)
Cholera outbreak
10 months later in october 2010
reports of cholera 60 miles to the north of the capital
contamination of the artibonite river 60km north of the capital
source of drinking water
place of defication
first case = in hamlet
spread through relocation diffusion due to people fleeing the outbreak
CASE STUDY CHOLERA HAITI (spec 1c)
environmental factors affecting the spread of disease such as climate, sanitation, water supply and food
first wave
massive inland eathqauke, magnitude 7
widespread damge to national infrastracture
including roads and water systems
intial source = artibonite river
320 km long river
first signs displayed by communities on the shores of the artibonite river (vibrio colerae entered the river due to Nepeales UN worships sewage entering the river)
no reported cases found upstream of the river (e.g in Mirebalais)
Mierbealais identified as the source of the disease (where the Nepalese UN workers were stationed)
rivers and rice fields aided spread
second wave
rainy season caused a second wave
Hurricane Tomas led to rapid flooding
Hurricane Tomas = November 2010
overflowing latrines and further spreading of infected water
Hurricane Sandy = November 2012
resurgence of cholera infection
CASE STUDY CHOLERA HAITI (spec 1c)
human factors affecting the spread of the disease such as population density, access to clean water, immunisation programmes
hundreds of thousands homeless (due to earthqauke)
living in temporary camps or with crowded host families
health system has no previous experience of events on this scale, not set up to deal with it
weak governance
large scale damage to infalstructure (human and enviormental)
due to being porrly built
only 12% recived piped and treated water
only 17% had access to adequate sanitation
high prevalnece of malbutrition and blood group O and hydropocholrydia
blood group O = more severly ill from cholera
hydropocholrydia = insuffiencent HCL in stomach = cant digest food properly = malnourished
riots in Port Au Prince
following first round of presidential interests
CASE STUDY CHOLERA HAITI (spec 1c)
impacts of the disease on resident populations
acute water diarrhoea and vommiting, often leads to life thereatening dehydration
outbreak of cholera from haiti eathquake = most severe in recent history
outbreak due to the El Tor variant strain = more severe illness
first phase of epidemic = 23,587 cases
contamination of wells and surface waters
disease spread through the entire landmass of Haiti
hundreds more cases reported in neighbouring dominican republic
Hurricane Sandy = caused the number of cases to triple overnight
stats
57% of alll global cholera cases reported to the WHO in 2010
53% of all global cholera deaths reported to the WHO in 2010
58% of all cholera cases in 2011
37% of all cholera deaths in 2011
total cases = 682,500
total deaths = 8,300 deaths
2,300 people hospitalised for cholera every week
40 deaths from cholera per week
CASE STUDY CHOLERA HAITI (spec 1c)
strategies used to minimise the impacts of the disease at national and international scales
international scale
UN repsonse
2 pronged response
direct response to save lives
halt the spread of the disease
aid groups
the red cross
delivered clean drinking water to 300,000 people living in Port Au Prince
built 1,300 latrines
treated 18,700 cases of cholera in treatment units in the la piste camp
disinfection everyone who came into contact with a cholera patient
also launched campaigns focussed on the improtance of boiling or chlorinating water
supplied chlorine tabs to rural communities
mass vaccination programme (supported by the WHO)
positives
provides mass vaccination
testing os suspected cases rose by 74%
2017 = 21%
2019 = 95%
negatives
expensive
relies on other countries funding and support
rural areas are not reached by the vaccines
october 2020 = resurgence of cholera
35% have a lack of potable water
65% have no sanitation
national scale
medical relief groups
direct treatment was implimented via specialised cholera treatments set up
set up to relieve the overburdened hospitals
mobile meadical units were deployed to more remote regions
these programmes were succesful but were overwhelemed with patients
oral rehydration centres were set up in smaler communities to help treat patients with less severe symptoms
local hospitals and and clinics recieved additinal training in cholera treatment
EVAL OF STRATETGIES
successes
infection rates plummetted in 2011
mortality rates decreased from 10% in October 2010 to 1% un January 2011
limitations
cholera continues to linger among Haiti’s rural population
re emergees every rainy season
rekeated to a lack of sanitation
only solution is long term access to clean water
CASE STUDY AIR POLLUTION, INDIA (spec 2a)
India’s air pollution
battled says of toxic air
AQI os 10x the acceptable limit
causes of air pollution
industry
metals, chemicals etc
do not follow regulations
motor veichles
traffic congestion due to volume of veichles and poor traffic sense
slow travelling, burns fuel more ineffectively
polutes the air with carbon monoxide sand oxygen oxides
domestic
fuel wood
low income households
release high levels of smoke
power generation
inefficient coal, oil and natural gas
release harmful substances
education
especiall toxic in winter
farmers burn crop remittants
low wind speed in inwter = high concerntration of pollutants
impacts of air pollution
linked to the deaths of over 1 million people
linked to the deaths of over 1 million people
the most in any country
repiratory difficulties and asthma
1.7 times higher in Delhi than in rural areas of India
lung function of urvan residents are seriiously reduced
indoor air pollution
causes around 2 million premature deaths
nearly half due to pneumonia
national solutions
draft nation clean air programme (NCAP)
closing of brick kilns
raising parking fees in cities
stopping hotels from using coal and firewood
banning garbage burning
two weeks clean air campaign
feb 2018
checking viechles pollution
inspecting power plants
raising awarness
improved education
electric veichles encouraged via tax insentive
lower fares for electric busses
artificial rain
clouds are ubjected with salts like silver or potassium idiodide through air or generators in the ground
salt water acts as a catalyst to combine water droplets in clouds
water droplets convert into snowflakes and while falling reach the melting point
causing rainfall
doesnt always work as atmopsheric conditions have to be exactly right
have to be the right amounts of moisture and humidity in the clouds to allow for ice nuclei to form
salt particles also have to be sprayed into the right type of cloud
only works for clouds that grow vertically and not clouds that grow horizontally
artificial rain project carried out in 2 phases
1st phase = covers 300 km2
implimented on 20th november
rainfall may help to wash away particle matter in the atmopshere
generates cleaner and more breathable air
CASE STUDY MALARIA, EHTIOPIA (spec 3a)
environmental and human causes of the disease
climate (temperature, rainfall and humidity)
altitude and climate = most important
ehtiopian highlands = over 2,500 metres high = malaria free
african vector species = long lifespan and strong human biting habit
why 90% of the worlds malaria patterns are in African
climatic conditions that increase the number and survival of mosquitoes
high rainfall (leads to stagnant water)
high humidity
high temperatures
poverty
risk of malaria is higher fro households in a lower socio economic bracket
unable to take measures to reduce the risk of transission
use of mosquito nets and anti malaria sprays
living conditions
construction and material of walls, roof and floor of the house
bricks = may limit contact with the moquito vector and reduces infection
main source of drinking water
time taken to collect water
toilet facilities
availablity of electricity
area of living
individuals migrating from an area of low malaria cases to an area of high malaria cases have low immunity
leads to a higher risk of developing malaria
agriculture and irrigation schemes
season popultation movements between the malaria free highlands and the agricultural lowlands
timing coincides with teh harvest and planting tiem adn the rainy season
time of peak trasmission in lowlands
harvesting often continues after sunset
when mosquitos are more active
some migrant workers sleep in the fields overnight
irrigation projects have expanded the breeding habitats for mosquitos
in the Awash Valley and Gambella province
due to construction of canals, micro dams and ponds, and the cultuvation of rice
access to healthcare
limited number of health institutions
ineffective distrubition of medical supplies
disparity between rural and urban areas
access to healthcare services v difficult
50% of population lives over 10 km from the nearest health facility
usually in regions with poor transporation infrastructure
efforts to comabt the diease are limited due to
shortage of trained personnel
shortage of vector control supervisors
shortages of drugs and lab supplies
weak surveillance systems
shortage of field logistics
shortages of spray pumps
operational finances are inadequate
all related to the wealth and level of development in Ethiopia
high rates of treatment failure for the two main types of malaria
CASE STUDY MALARIA, EHTIOPIA (spec 3a)
prevalence, incidence and patterns of the disease
over 75% of Ethiopia is Malarious
45 million out of Ethipia’s 68 million inhalbitants are estimated to be at rism of malaria
malaria risk is not evenly distrubuted through the country
highest risk = western lowlands
due to high temp and humidity throughout the year
trasnmission is in line with the rainy season
eastern lowlands = malaria confined to the river valleys
due to arid climate
central highlands = 25% are malaria free
CASE STUDY MALARIA, EHTIOPIA (spec 3a)
socio-economic impacts of the disease
2016 = almost 3 million cases causing roughly 5,000 deaths
malria transmission peask twice per year
from septemher to december
and from april to may
coincides with the major harvesing seasons
serious consequences on economy and food production in Ethiopia
malaria causes people to take times off of work
slows economic growth
reinforces the cycle of poverty
reduces the potantial growth rate by 1.3% per year in some African countries
lost production in sub-Saharan Africa due to malaria = $12 billion a year
cost to health services is 40% of the national health expnediture
accounts for 10% of hospital admissions
accounts for 12% of health clinic visits
school absensces due to malaria reduces the learning capacity of students
CASE STUDY MALARIA, EHTIOPIA (spec 3a)
direct and indirect strategies used by government and international agencies to mitigate against the disease and respond to outbreaks
international strategies → WHO
WHO global technical strategy for malaria 2016 - 2030
technical framework for all malaria endemic countries
intended to guide and support regional and country programmes
work towards malaria control and eliminiation
sets ambitious but achievable global targets
reduce malaraia case incidences and mortaliy rates by 90% by 2030
the global malaria programme
coordinates WHO’s global efforts to control and eliminate malaria by
setting, communicating and promoting the adoption of evidence based norms, technical strategies and guildlines
keeping independant score of global progress
developing approaches for capacity building, system strengthening and surveillnace
idenitifying threats to malaria control and elimination as well as new areas for action
the sustrainable development goals (SDG)
proposes to
reduce malaria cases and death rates by atleast 90% by 2030
eliminate malaria in 35 countries bu 2030
Ethiopia is one of the countries targeted fro the elimination plan
encompasses 3 major pillars
ensure universal acccess to malaria prevent, diagnosis and treatment
other countries
the U.S. President’s malaria initiative (PMI)
led by USAID
implimented together with the US centres for disease control and prevention (CDC)
delivers cost effecrive life saving malaria interventions
technical and operational assistance to support Ethiopia since 2008
decrease child death rates by 55%
through investments totalling $441.5 million
supported IRS campaigns (indoor residual sprays)
targetted 44 high malaria buden districts
protefcted 1,334,868 residents
trained 2,675 individuals to deliver safe and effective IRS
almost 16 million ITNs distrubuted (insecticide treated bed nets)
national strategies (goverments)
the national malaria elminiation program (NMEP)
5 year national strategic plan for 2021-2025
goals by 2025:
reduce malaria morbitity and mortality by 50% from 2020
achieve 0 inidgenous in districts with less than 10 annual parasite incidents
prevent reintroduction of malaria in dsitricts reporting 0 indigenous malaria cases
achieve adoption of appropriate behaviour and practices towards antimalaria intervention in 85% of households living in malaria endemic areas
NGOs (national and local)
established in 2003 → Malaria consortium
one of the world leading NGOs in the prevention, control and treatment of malria
in Ethiopia they work in the southern region by:
strengthening vector managment (including through comunity based IRS)
training health extension works and district health management on IRS planning and monitoring
repairing damged spray pumps
idenitify and mapping breeding sites of malaria carrying mosquitoes
train female volunteers to deliver health education
organising annual malaria campaigns on enviromental management
treat permanent breeding sites with chemicals
direct strageties
measures to eradicate mosquitoes
periodic spraying of dwellins with insecticides
mamageing the eviroment to destroy breeding sites
indirect stragies
mass publicity campagins
minimise potential mosquito breeding sites
provide early diagnosis and tretament of malaria
within 24 hours of the onset of fever
distrubuting insecticide treated bed nets to all households in infected areas
success?
malaria related deaths in those under 5 fell by 81% in 5 years
malaria related admissions in those under 5 fell by 73% in 5 years
Ethiopia has achieved the development goal to halve mortality rate from malaria
Ethiopia has reduced the burdne of malaria faster than in most sub Saharan African countries
however
Ethiopia still account for 6% of global malaria cases
CASE STUDY CANCER, UK (spec 3b)
social, economic and cultural causes of the disease
lifestyle factors
some cancers due to occupational and enviromental hazards
e.g radiation, pollution, toxic chemicals etc
most due to lifestyle factors
obesity, poor diet, lack of excercise, smoking and alcohol abuse
since 1970s cancer rates have risen
23% in men
43% in women
e.g. skin cancer has increased due to the risk of sun bathing and sun beds due to a desriable tanned look
opportunities for sunbathing have increased due to growing wealth and affordable package holidays
this is despite eveidence of risks of skin cancer
increasing wealth and associated standard of living
increasing weath = changes in diet
a preference for mest, dairy products, fast food and ready meals
linked to an increase in bowel cancer incidences
increasing diet = more alchahol = more oral, throat and liver cancer
lack of excercise and changes to diet (more sedentary lifestyles)
driven a rise in obestiy and a subsequent rise in risk of cancer
despite a decline in smoking it is still the biggest cause of cancer in the UK
nearly 1/5 of all cancer cases diagnosis every year are realted to smoking
inherited
inherited cancer genes
hereditary
due to a mutation in an egg or sperm cell
cancer suspecibility genes
much less common than cancers related to life style factors
most canceers develop due to an interaction between genes and the enviroment
age
ageing = fundermental factor in the development of cancer
cancer incidences dramatically increases with age
most likely due to a risk from a build up of risks
risk accumulation
cellular repair mechanisms tend to be less effective as a person grows older
culture
infroms lifestyle differences
e.g practices that dertmindes diet, excercise, weight norms, work enviorments, soical activity and health patterns
plays a major role in health promotion and maintenance
wealth
since the 1990s there have been lower survival rates of individuals in more deprived areas
diagnosis
treatment
worse genral health
CASE STUDY CANCER, UK (spec 3b)
prevalence, incidence and patterns of the disease
367,000 new cases year
roughly 1,000 new cases every day
breast, prostate, lung and bowel cancer = 53%
36% each year diagnosed in people aged 75 and over
roughly 450 cancer deaths every day
CASE STUDY CANCER, UK (spec 3b)
socio-economic impacts of the disease
cancer deaths result in the loss of:
caregivers for children
older realtives
partners
friends
deprive communities of vital volunteers
volunteer losses have a combined annual value of £236 million
removed large numbers of productive employees for from the labour force
50,000 people of working age loose their lives to teh disease
in 2014 these individuals could have contributed £585 million to the UK economy
across the rest of their working lives they coukd have contributes £6.8 million
over 5% of NHS health budget is dedicated to cancer
Macmillan cost = £570 per cancer patient
CASE STUDY CANCER, UK (spec 3b)
direct and indirect strategies used by government and international agencies to mitigate against the disease
international strategies
2017 → the World Health Assembly passed the resolution Cancer Prevention and Control through and integrated approach (WHA70.12)
urges goverment and WHO to achieve the target specified in the Global Action Plan and 2030 Un Agenda for Sustainable dveelopment to reudce premature death
WHO collborates with other UN organisations to
easiest to learn 5 strategies
increase political commitment for cancer prevention and control
coordinate and control research on carcinogens and the causes of cancer
monitor the cancer burden
identify cost effective strategies for cancer prevention
strengthen health systems at national and local levels to deliver care and cure for cancer patients (including improving access to cancer treatments
national strategies
the NHS long term plan (LTP)
published in january 2019
key ambitions = by 2028
55,000 more people will survive their cancer for 5 years or more
75% of people with cancer will be diagnosed at stage 1 or stage 2
includes
improving national screening programmes
give people faster access to diagnostic tests
invest in cutting edge treatments and technologies
making sure more patients can benefit from precise, personalised treatments
plans to
lower the age for bowel screening
introduce new forms of cervical cancer screening
extent lung health checks
create rapid diagnostic centres across the country
so patients displaying cancer symptoms can be diagnosed in as little as a day
introduce faster doagnosis standards
ensure patients either have a ruling out or diagnosis of cancer within 28 days
better health campaign
public health england launched a major new adult health campaign
use opportunities provided by covid 19 to emphasise the importance of healthier lifestyles
support individuals on their weight loss journey
provides advice and support for quitting smoking, drinking less and looking after their mental health
NGO (national and local)
cancer research UK
worlds largest independent cancer research charity
conducts research into the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of disease
provides information about cancer and
runs campaigns aimed at raising awareness
ambition is to accelerate progress and see 75% of people surviving cancer within the next 20 years
four key areas focussed on
help prevent cancer
diagnose it earlier
develop new treatents
optimise currents treatments by personalising them to make them more effective
investing an additional £50 million a year intp new funding schemes for researchers
encourage collaboration and innovation
support research tackling some of the biggest scientific challenges in cancer research
indirect strategies
emphasise changes in lifestyle and cancer prevention
education and health compagins informing the public of the dangers of smoking, excessive drinking and unbalanced diets
to reduce the incidence of preventable cancers
direct strategies
investment in advanced medical technology (e.g more precise forms of radiotherapy) and diagnostic methods (e.g. endoscopy for early diagnosis and intervention)
mass screening for breast, cervical and bowel cancer is already well estbalished and highly effective
survival rates could be fruther reduced by reducing waiting times between diagnosis and treatment and giving more support to GPs
success?
cancer survival is improving and has double in the last 40 years in the UK
however total number of diagnosises are rising BUT cancer mortality is falling
net survival rates have increased by 22% in 20 years
for men and 19% for women
2010 survival rates = 67% for men
2010 survival rates = 74% for women
this has been driven by a combination of earlier detection and diagnosis, and advances in treatment
CASE STUDY SAVE THE CHILDREN IN SIERRA LEONNE (EBOLA) (spec 4a)
role played in dealing with a disease outbreak within one country at national and local level
ebola epidemiology
a diseasse thta causes internal / external bleeding
2 to 21 day incubation period
spread by close contact with organs and sharing of bodily fluids
50% fatality rate
how the 2014 epidemic occurred
infected by blood or mucus from one of the infected fruit bats
started from a little boy whos family hunted
people fleed as deaths began
liberia, sierra leonne and guinea effected
declared an epidemic in august 2014
impacts of the ebola epidemic
14 thousand confirmed cases
nearly 4 thousand deths
june 2014 all schools were closed due to the spread of ebola
13th october 2014, the UN stated that 40% of farms had to be abandoned
WHO reported, 129 cases in healthcare workers and 95 deaths
ebola epidemic grew, damged healthcare systems and led tp increased deaths from other communicable diseases
ROLE OF SAVE THE CHILDREN IN SIERRA LEONNE
80 bed ebola treatment scentre
treated over 280 people
discharged 145 survivors
training community health wrokers to spread the word of signs and symptosm of ebola and how to prevent transmission
530,000 people reached with targetted messages
reunification of children and orphans with family
194 so far
support community workers on a house to house campagin educating people about ebola
LONG TERM AIMS OF SAVE THE CHILDREN IN SIERRA LEONNE
planning to work with the goverment to ensure that education is accesible for all children by setting up school subsidies and scholariships for those whove lost realitives to ebola
strengthening the health system
providing additional qualified staff espsiecally in rural clinics that have been abandoned by staff fearful of ebola
preventing child labour an exploitation through educating parents, carers and communities
providing better access to family planninga and educating girls on their rights
EVALUATION OF THE ROLE OF SAVE THE CHILDREN
negatives
small scale
however the people it does help it does so effectively
relies on funding so can stop at any time
limited power
cannot address the root cause
can only minimise impacts
dangerous for workers
lomits the number of volunteers
positives
direct and personal aid
can address societal norms
helps aftermath
can provide long term support
CASE STUDY OF ARTERMISININ, ANTI MALARUA DRUG (spec 5a)
including growing conditions, international trade, medicinal importance for disease and sustainable use
plant source
artemisia annua plant
medical uses
anti malarial drug
growing conditions
temperate climate
13 to 29 degrees celcius
frost tolerant
600 to 650 mm of rainfall
soil pH of 6 to 8
seedlings are grown in nurseries snd transplanted into fields
plants are ahrvested
leaves are dried and sent tp facilities where atermisinin is extracted
cultivation of Atermisia annua takes 6 months
manufacturing takes 2 to 5 months
needs high temperatures during post harvest
handling can damage the quality
after harvesting the artetemissin content of the leaves will decreases
the value of the raw material can be lost after 6 to 12 months of storage
china and vietnam provide 70% of the raw plant materials
east africa provide 20% of the raw plant materials
lowered mortality from malaria by 70% within 2 years
international trade
market frice has fluctuated between $120 and $1,200 between 2005 and 2008
novartis provide ACT drugs at cost on a non profit basis
still more expensive than atlernative malaria treatments
medicinal importance for disease
atermisin is isolated from the plant artermisia annual
sweet workwood
WHO has reccommend atermisinin combination therpaies (ACT) to be the first line therapy for malaria worlwife
these treaments are now standard worldwide
the WHO says rhese treatments have saved more than 3 million lives since 2020
the medicianl value of this plant ahs been known to the chinese for atleast 2,000 years
sustainable use
world market for artemisinin products has grown rapidly
however not all of it meets the right standard
urgent need to promote better cultivation
the availability of ACTs falls short of what is needed
600 milion people needing ACTs
82 million people reciveing the treatment
2007, WHO published cultivation guidlines for the use of artemisinin annula, to improve the quality and promote sustainability
clinical evidence for artermisinin wad first reported in 2008 by SE Asia
confirmed by cambodia, vietnam and myanmar in 2014
in 2011 the WHO stated that resistance to arteminisinin could unravel national malaria control programmes
high yield varieties of arteminisinin are being prpduced by the university of york
through molecular breeding techniques
CASE STUDY OF GlaxoSmithKilne (GSK) (spec 5b)
including scientific breakthroughs made, patents, drug manufacturing and their global flows for distribution
stats (use to show the scale)
world’s sixth largest pharmaceutical company
99,000 employees worlwide
operate in 92 countries
delivered 1.7 billion medicines (in 2021)
delivered 767 million vaccines (in 2021)
3 main buisnesses within GSK
pharamaceuticals
vaccines
consumer healthcare (over the counter medicine, e.g. ibuprofen)
scientifc breakthroughs (HIV AND VACCINES)
predescor company to GSK developed the first medicinal treatment for HIV in 1987
their work in malaria vaccines was use in 8 african nations, found to reduce malaria cases by 50% in children age 5 to 17 months
could save african nations up to $12 billion in healthcare costs
worlds first malaria candidate vaccine
have created over 20 vaccines
include meningitis, shingles, flu and manu more
4 in 10 children recieve a GSK vaccine each year
limitation = doesnt treat root cause of issues (e.g sanitation)
global health / drug manufacturing
ambition = to positively impact the health of 1.3 billion in low and lower middle income countries over the next 10 years and reduce the impact of antimicrobial resitance (AMR)
develop trasformative and lower cost products and technologies to prevent and treat diseases
specfically focussed on ones that disproptionally impact people in low and lower middle income countries and diseases that have an AMR potential
largest research and development pipelines
some diseases tragetted are malaria, tuberculosis and neglected tropical diseases
support hundreds of projects worldwide to strentghen local health services for people with HIV
work with two other pharmaceutical companies to research cures for HIV
develops country specific pricing strategies
lower income countries, vaccines = cheaper to allow a wide spread effect
without action by 2050 AMR could ahve caused up to 10 millions dearhs per year
GSK were ranked first in the 2020 AMR benchmark report
they are working on new approaches to tackling resistance
as well as devloping new genrations of antiiotics and vaccines specifically targetted at amtibiotic resitsant infections
positives = wide scale impact, focuss on neglected diseases, focus on lower and middle income countries, provide treatments at lower costs
patents
patent = only the pharamaceutical company that holds that patent is allowed to manufacture, marker and profit from the drug
GSK aims to make it easier for manufacturers in porrer countries by not filing patents
prevent poorer countries being priced out of buying vaccines
GSK holds around 4000 international patents on many drugs and compounds cerucial to the tretament of HIV and aids
GSK became part of the medicine patent pool
allows redistribution of drugs under gerneric named to make drugs more affordable
UN backed initiative
hoping to expand the MPP to cancer treatment
GSK has proposed to licence its anti canceer drug to the anti cancer drugs patent pool
more oncologists = speed up cancer treatments
global flows of distribution
manufacturing sites and R and D (research and development) centres in 36 countries
12 vaccine manufacturing sites
distributes 2 million vanccines daily to 160 countries
2009, worked with WHO and health authorities to ship 50 million doeses of the swine flu vaccine (H1N1) to developing countries
2013 → £5 million inesvtment from the welcome trust to support its open approach to discovering and devloping new treatments for low income countries
2019 → invested $28 million in more than 50 clinical studies across the country
save the children partnership (2013 to 2022)
combining GSKs manufacturing expertise with save the childrens grassroots (bottom up) opperations
merges commercial aspect of resources with the distribution to the most vulnerbale children
5.9 million children under 5 die from preventable causes evry year → aims to reduce this
partnership specifically focusses on
improvinga ccess to healthcare for most vuknerbale
training and eqipping health workers in the poorest countries
devloping child friendly medicines
work at global and local levesl to call for stronger child health policies
impacts of partnership
2.98 million children reached across 46 different countries since 2013
114,000 children under 5 are now fully immunised
282,000 children have been treated for diarrhoea, malaria or pneumonia
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Flashcard (100)