Anatomy Unit 1 Knowt

Anatomy

the study of the parts of the human body

Physiology

the study of the function of the parts of the human body

Name the 11 systems of the human body.

nervous, cardiovascular, respiratory, muscular, endocrine, digestive, reproductive, immune, skeletal, urinary, integumentary

What are organs made up of?

tissues

List the types of tissues.

muscular, nervous, epithelial, connective tissue

What are the 3 types of muscular tissue?

skeletal muscle, smooth muscle, cardiac muscle

Skeletal muscle

striated, voluntary muscle attached to the bones

Smooth muscle

not striated, involuntary muscle (Ex: stomach)

Cardiac muscle

striated, involuntary muscle (Ex: heart)

What are the 2 main types of cells in nervous tissue?

neurons, gilal cells

What does epithelial tissue do? (2 functions)

covering, glands

What are the functions of epithelial coverings?

secretions, absorb, filtration, sensory reception, protection, excretion

What are the three kinds of arrangements of epithelial coverings?

simple, stratified (layered), pseudostratified

What do glands do?

produce stuff to be used elsewhere in the body

What are the 2 types of glands?

exocrine and endocrine

Exocrine glands

gland where there is direct passageway to the destination for the products

Endocrine glands

gland that dumps products into the bloodsteam

List the shapes of epithelial cells.

squamous, cuboidal, columnar, transitional

Squamous (epithelial cell shape)

flat with irregular borders

Columnar (epithelial cell shape)

tall, cylindrical shape

Transitional (epithelial cell shape)

changes shape

What does connective tissue do?

binds things together

List the fibers in connective tissue.

collagen, elastin, reticular

True or False: Any tissue that isn’t muscular, nervous, or epithelial tissue is connective tissue

True

Collagen

most common protein in the body, tough but provides flexibility

Elastin

makes sure things in the body return to normal state

What are the two types of cells?

prokaryotic, eukaryotic

Prokaryotic cell

no true nucleus or membrane-bound organelles, only has ribosomes (Ex: bacteria)

Eukaryotic cell

true nucleus and membrane-bound organelles (Ex: animal cells)

List all the organelles.

cell membrane, mitochondria, ribosomes, vacuole, nucleus, cytoplasm, endoplasmic reticulum, centriole, lysosome, golgi Complex, peroxisomes, cell inclusions, cytoskeleton, cilia + flagella

What is the function of the cell membrane?

to protect the cell and allow things into the cell (semipermeable)

What is the cell membrane made out of?

phospholipids, proteins

Endocytosis

process of something coming into the cell

Phagocytosis

the process of food coming into the cell

Pinocytosis

the process of water coming into the cell

Exocytosis

process of things leaving the cell

What is the function of the mitochondria?

produces ATP (cellular energy)

What is the equation for the creation of ATP (cellular respiration)?

glucose + oxygen = carbon dioxide + water + energy

Which organelle has no membrane?

ribosomes

What do ribosomes do?

protein synthesis

What are the two varieties of ribosomes?

free, fixed

What is the function of the vacuole?

storage

What is the largest organelle in the cell?

nucleus

What parts make up the nucleus?

nuclear membrane, chromatin, nucleoplasm, nucleolus, nuclear pores

What are the names of the two endoplasmic reticulum?

smooth, rough

What does the ER do?

makes and packages things

What does the smooth ER do?

makes and packages lipids and carbs

What does the rough ER do?

make and packages proteins

What does the centriole do?

does cell division

What do the lysosomes do?

digestion, apoptosis

What does the Golgi Complex do?

packages and ships things around the cell

What do peroxisomes do?

kill of bacteria

What do cell inclusions do?

temporary cell storage

What are the two parts of the cytoskeleton?

microtubules, microfilaments

Cilia

short, hair-like organelle that helps with movement

Flagella

long, tail-like organelle that helps with movement

Mitosis

process of cell division

What are the phases of mitosis?

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis?

What is interphase?

the phase where the cell isn’t in mitosis

What happens during prophase?

nuclear membrane and nucleolus disappear, chromatin condenses into chromosomes, centrioles moves to opposite sides, spindle fibers are released

What happens during metaphase?

centrioles’ spindle connects to chromosomes in the middle, cell elongates

What happens during anaphase?

spindle pulls chromosomes apart, cell elogates

What happens during telophase?

cells split and chromatin reforms on opposite sides of the cell, spindle fibers disappear

Invagination

pinchng in of the cell splitting

What provides the instructions to create proteins?

nucleolus

What is DNA made of?

ATCG

What is RNA made of?

AUCG

Know how to do protein synthesis (Answer: OK)

OK

(Body Directions) Dorsal

towards the back

(Body Directions) Ventral

towards the stomach

(Body Directions) Anterior

towards the front

(Body Directions) Posterios

towards the back

(Body Directions) Inferior

below/under

(Body Directions) Superior

on top of/above

(Body Directions) Plantar

towards the feet

(Body Directions) Palmer

to the hands

(Body Directions) Lateral

away from the midline

(Body Directions) Medial

towards the midline

(Body Directions) Cephalic

towards the cranium

(Body Directions) Caudal

towards the tailbone

(Body Directions) Distal

away from something

(Body Directions) Proximial

close to something

(Body Directions) Deep

within/inside

(Body Directions) Superfical

outside/outer

Sagittal Cut

top to bottom cut that’s off center

Median cut

cut that goes down the middle top to bottom

Transverse cut

horizontal cut

What are the 3 types of RNA?

mRNA, tRNA, rRNA