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Anatomy
the study of the parts of the human body
Physiology
the study of the function of the parts of the human body
Name the 11 systems of the human body.
nervous, cardiovascular, respiratory, muscular, endocrine, digestive, reproductive, immune, skeletal, urinary, integumentary
What are organs made up of?
tissues
List the types of tissues.
muscular, nervous, epithelial, connective tissue
What are the 3 types of muscular tissue?
skeletal muscle, smooth muscle, cardiac muscle
Skeletal muscle
striated, voluntary muscle attached to the bones
Smooth muscle
not striated, involuntary muscle (Ex: stomach)
Cardiac muscle
striated, involuntary muscle (Ex: heart)
What are the 2 main types of cells in nervous tissue?
neurons, gilal cells
What does epithelial tissue do? (2 functions)
covering, glands
What are the functions of epithelial coverings?
secretions, absorb, filtration, sensory reception, protection, excretion
What are the three kinds of arrangements of epithelial coverings?
simple, stratified (layered), pseudostratified
What do glands do?
produce stuff to be used elsewhere in the body
What are the 2 types of glands?
exocrine and endocrine
Exocrine glands
gland where there is direct passageway to the destination for the products
Endocrine glands
gland that dumps products into the bloodsteam
List the shapes of epithelial cells.
squamous, cuboidal, columnar, transitional
Squamous (epithelial cell shape)
flat with irregular borders
Columnar (epithelial cell shape)
tall, cylindrical shape
Transitional (epithelial cell shape)
changes shape
What does connective tissue do?
binds things together
List the fibers in connective tissue.
collagen, elastin, reticular
True or False: Any tissue that isn’t muscular, nervous, or epithelial tissue is connective tissue
True
Collagen
most common protein in the body, tough but provides flexibility
Elastin
makes sure things in the body return to normal state
What are the two types of cells?
prokaryotic, eukaryotic
Prokaryotic cell
no true nucleus or membrane-bound organelles, only has ribosomes (Ex: bacteria)
Eukaryotic cell
true nucleus and membrane-bound organelles (Ex: animal cells)
List all the organelles.
cell membrane, mitochondria, ribosomes, vacuole, nucleus, cytoplasm, endoplasmic reticulum, centriole, lysosome, golgi Complex, peroxisomes, cell inclusions, cytoskeleton, cilia + flagella
What is the function of the cell membrane?
to protect the cell and allow things into the cell (semipermeable)
What is the cell membrane made out of?
phospholipids, proteins
Endocytosis
process of something coming into the cell
Phagocytosis
the process of food coming into the cell
Pinocytosis
the process of water coming into the cell
Exocytosis
process of things leaving the cell
What is the function of the mitochondria?
produces ATP (cellular energy)
What is the equation for the creation of ATP (cellular respiration)?
glucose + oxygen = carbon dioxide + water + energy
Which organelle has no membrane?
ribosomes
What do ribosomes do?
protein synthesis
What are the two varieties of ribosomes?
free, fixed
What is the function of the vacuole?
storage
What is the largest organelle in the cell?
nucleus
What parts make up the nucleus?
nuclear membrane, chromatin, nucleoplasm, nucleolus, nuclear pores
What are the names of the two endoplasmic reticulum?
smooth, rough
What does the ER do?
makes and packages things
What does the smooth ER do?
makes and packages lipids and carbs
What does the rough ER do?
make and packages proteins
What does the centriole do?
does cell division
What do the lysosomes do?
digestion, apoptosis
What does the Golgi Complex do?
packages and ships things around the cell
What do peroxisomes do?
kill of bacteria
What do cell inclusions do?
temporary cell storage
What are the two parts of the cytoskeleton?
microtubules, microfilaments
Cilia
short, hair-like organelle that helps with movement
Flagella
long, tail-like organelle that helps with movement
Mitosis
process of cell division
What are the phases of mitosis?
prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis?
What is interphase?
the phase where the cell isn’t in mitosis
What happens during prophase?
nuclear membrane and nucleolus disappear, chromatin condenses into chromosomes, centrioles moves to opposite sides, spindle fibers are released
What happens during metaphase?
centrioles’ spindle connects to chromosomes in the middle, cell elongates
What happens during anaphase?
spindle pulls chromosomes apart, cell elogates
What happens during telophase?
cells split and chromatin reforms on opposite sides of the cell, spindle fibers disappear
Invagination
pinchng in of the cell splitting
What provides the instructions to create proteins?
nucleolus
What is DNA made of?
ATCG
What is RNA made of?
AUCG
Know how to do protein synthesis (Answer: OK)
OK
(Body Directions) Dorsal
towards the back
(Body Directions) Ventral
towards the stomach
(Body Directions) Anterior
towards the front
(Body Directions) Posterios
towards the back
(Body Directions) Inferior
below/under
(Body Directions) Superior
on top of/above
(Body Directions) Plantar
towards the feet
(Body Directions) Palmer
to the hands
(Body Directions) Lateral
away from the midline
(Body Directions) Medial
towards the midline
(Body Directions) Cephalic
towards the cranium
(Body Directions) Caudal
towards the tailbone
(Body Directions) Distal
away from something
(Body Directions) Proximial
close to something
(Body Directions) Deep
within/inside
(Body Directions) Superfical
outside/outer
Sagittal Cut
top to bottom cut that’s off center
Median cut
cut that goes down the middle top to bottom
Transverse cut
horizontal cut
What are the 3 types of RNA?
mRNA, tRNA, rRNA
Note 
Flashcard (90)