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Neuron

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45 Terms

1

Neuron

A nerve cell that transfers information within the body.

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Electrical signals

Long-distance signals used by neurons to communicate.

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Chemical signals

Short-distance signals used by neurons to communicate.

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Ganglia

Simple clusters of neurons where processing of information takes place.

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5

Cell body

The part of a neuron that contains most of its organelles.

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Dendrites

Highly branched extensions of a neuron that receive signals from other neurons.

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Axon

A much longer extension of a neuron that transmits signals to other cells.

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Axon hillock

The cone-shaped base of an axon where signals are generated.

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9

Synapse

The junction where branched ends of axons transmit signals to other cells.

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10

Neurotransmitters

Chemical messengers that pass information from transmitting neurons to receiving cells.

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11

Glial cells

Supporting cells required by neurons in vertebrates and most invertebrates.

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12

Sensory input

The stage of information processing where sensory neurons transmit information about external stimuli or internal conditions.

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Integration

The stage of information processing where interneurons analyze and interpret the sensory input.

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14

Motor output

The stage of information processing where motor neurons transmit signals to glands or muscle cells, causing a response.

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15

Central nervous system (CNS)

The organization of neurons that carry out integration.

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Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

The organization of neurons that carry information into and out of the CNS.

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17

Resting potential

The membrane potential of a neuron not sending signals.

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18

Ion pumps

Proteins that use ATP to maintain ion gradients across the plasma membrane.

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19

Ion channels

Selectively permeable channels in the plasma membrane that allow ions to pass through.

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20

Equilibrium potential

The membrane voltage for a particular ion at equilibrium.

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21

Graded potentials

Changes in polarization where the magnitude of the change varies with the strength of the stimulus.

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22

Threshold

The level of depolarization required to initiate an action potential.

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Refractory period

The period after an action potential where a second action potential cannot be initiated.

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Action potential

An electrical signal that travels along the axon of a neuron, allowing for communication between neurons.

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Depolarization

The process of the membrane potential becoming less negative, leading to the generation of an action potential.

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Na+ channels

Sodium channels that allow the flow of sodium ions into the neuron during depolarization.

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Synaptic terminals

The ends of the axon where neurotransmitters are released to communicate with other neurons.

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Inactivated Na+ channels

Sodium channels that are closed and unable to allow the flow of sodium ions, preventing the action potential from traveling backward.

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Nodes of Ranvier

Gaps in the myelin sheath where voltage-gated Na+ channels are found, allowing for the formation of action potentials in myelinated axons.

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Myelin sheath

Insulation around axons, produced by glia (oligodendrocytes in the CNS and Schwann cells in the PNS), which enables fast conduction of action potentials.

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Saltatory conduction

The process by which action potentials in myelinated axons jump between the nodes of Ranvier, increasing the speed of conduction.

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Synapses

The junctions between neurons where communication occurs through the release and reception of neurotransmitters.

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Chemical synapses

Synapses where communication occurs through the release of chemical neurotransmitters.

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34

Neurotransmitter

A chemical messenger that carries information from the presynaptic neuron to the postsynaptic cell.

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35

Synaptic vesicles

Small sacs in the synaptic terminal that store neurotransmitters.

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Ligand-gated ion channels

Ion channels in the postsynaptic cell that open upon binding of a neurotransmitter, generating a postsynaptic potential.

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Excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs)

Depolarizations that bring the membrane potential of the postsynaptic cell closer to the threshold for generating an action potential.

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Inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs)

Hyperpolarizations that move the membrane potential of the postsynaptic cell farther from the threshold for generating an action potential.

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Summation

The process by which individual postsynaptic potentials combine to produce a larger postsynaptic potential, which can trigger an action potential.

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40

Temporal summation

The summation of EPSPs produced in rapid succession.

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Spatial summation

The summation of EPSPs produced nearly simultaneously by different synapses on the same postsynaptic neuron.

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