Exercise Science 2nd Semester Exam Review

tumor

swelling

color

heat

dolor

pain

rubor

redness

osteoblasts

form new bones and grow and heal existing bones

osteoclasts

dissolute and absorb bone

vasodilation

increase in vessel diameter

vasoconstriction

decrease in vessel diameter

bone

3-8 weeks to heal

cartilage

limited ability to heal due to little or no direct blood supply

ligaments

12 months to heal

muscles

6-8 weeks to heal

tendon

4-5 weeks to heal

nerve

3-4 mm/day

inflammatory response

vessels dilate resulting in edema, 48-72 hours

fibroblastic repair

scar formation begins, pain and tenderness begin to decrease

maturation and remodeling

realignment of collagen due to force being applied, tissue begins to appear normal again

things that can negatively affect the healing process

extent of injury, atrophy, edema, corticosteroids, muscle spasm, infection

negligence

failure to use ordinary or reasonable care; improper anesthesia

tort

legal wrongs committed against a person

liability

state of being legally responsible for the harm one causes to another person

good simaritan law

provides limited protection against legal liability

OSHA

Occupational Safety and Health Administration

Blood Borne Pathogen Protection

eye washes, first aid, gowns, eye protection

abrasions

scraping of skin against rough surface; clean with mild soap + apply ointment + cover with dressing

punctures

direct penetration of skin with pointed object; remove from skin unless larger, stabilize object + call physician

incision

smooth cut in skin; clean wound + treat by physician

avulsion

skin torn away from body; transport piece to hospital for possible reattachment

contusion

sudden compression, blunt trauma, bruise; treatment requires RICE

lacerations

object tears tissue, jagged edge; watch for infection + treat by physician

hops

history, observation, palpation, special tests

Functio Laesa

loss of function

grade 1 sprain

some pain + minimal loss of function

grade 2 sprain

pain + moderate loss of function

grade 3 sprain

extremely painful + inevitable loss of function

basic management

RICE, painkillers, gentle stretching, light jogging/stationary bike

rehab progression

conditioning, ROM exercises, flexibility

pes cavus

higher arch than normal; poor shock absorption resulting in foot pain, clawed or hammer toes; associated with shortening of achilles + plantar fascia

pes plantaris

flat foot; excessive pronation, farefoot varus, wearing tight shoes, excessive exercise placing undo stress on arch; pain, weakness or fatigue in medial longitudinal arch

plantar fasciitis

shoes with poor support, poor running technique, leg length discrepancy, excessive pronation, tight calves; pain in anterior medial heel, increased pain in morning then loosens after first few steps

metatarsalgia

any pain that causes inflammation in the ball of the foot

bunion

tenderness, swelling, bursa becomes inflamed + thickens, enlarging joint, and causing malalignment of great toe

hammer toe

flexion deformity of DIP

morton toe

abnormally short 1st metatarsal making 2nd toe look longer

morton's neuroma

thickening of nerve sheath where nerve divides into digital branches

turf toe

hyperextension resulting in sprain of 1st MTP joint; pain and swelling during push off

retrocalcanel bursitis

inflammation of bursa beneath achilles tendon due to chronic pressure from the shoe

kinetic chain

each movement of a segment

toe fractures

kicking unyielding objects, stubbing toe, being stepped on

tibia

supports majority of weight; medial malleolus

fibula

most common bone fracture; lateral malleolus

degree of dorsiflexion in foot

10

degree of plantar flexion

50

ankle sprain

most common injury to the lower leg and ankle

compartment syndrome

acute: direct hit, chronic: symptoms arise consistently at certain point during activity; complain of deep aching pain and tightness, reduced circulation and sensation

tibial stress syndrome

"shin splints" pain in anterior portion of skin; pain before and after activity, affecting performance;

tibial stress syndrome causes

weak muscles, improper footwear, training errors

chronic ankle instability causes

develops following 1/3 of all acute ankle sprains

syndesmotic sprain

high ankle sprain; increased dorisflexion + conjuction with medial and lateral ligaments

knee movements

flexion, extension, rotation, rolling, and gliding

MCL, Medial Collateral Ligament

sprain that results from a severe blow from the lateral side (valgus force)

MCL location

inner side of the knee joint, between the femur + tibia

LCL, Lateral Collateral Ligament

varus force, generally, with the tibia internally rotated

LCL location

outer side of the knee joint

ACL, Anterior Cruciate Ligament

a sprain caused by contact or non-contact; non-contact is caused by multiple forces acting on the knee joing

ACL location

center of the knee joint, between the femur + tibia

PCL, Posterior Cruciate Ligament

a sprain caused by a fall on a bent knee

PCL location

inside the knee joint, behind the ACL

Bursistis

acute, chronic, or reccurent swelling; eliminate cause, RICE, and NSAID's + aspiration and steriod injection if chronic

patellar subluxation

lateral subluxation is most common

chondromalacia

softenin and deterioration of the articular cartilage

osgood-schlatter disease

an apophysitis at the tibial tubercle

IT band syndrome

most common in athletes that have pronated feet

medial meniscus injury

most commonly injured due to ligamentous attachments and decreased mobility

heterotrophic ossification

gradual deposit of calcium and bone formation; formation of bone following repeated blunt trauma

femoral neck

most common femoral fracture site

leeg-perthes disease

avascular necrosis of the femoral head in child ages 4-10; articular internus, superior gemellus, and inferior gemellus

hip pointer

contusion of iliac crest

femoral fracture

pain in thigh/groin, swelling/deformity, leg may be shorter, X-ray/bone scan

Slipped Capital Femoral Epiphysis

head slippage on X-ray appears posterior + inferior; may be growth hormone related; 10-17 who are tall + thin or obese; pain in groin

piriformis syndrome

a deep pain in the buttock without low back pain

center of gravity

anterior to sacrum

longest bone in the body

femur; supports body weight, enable movement, and facilitate balance

quadricep movement

jumping, running, kicking movements

hamstring strains

most common thigh injury

thigh contusion

pain, loss of function, swelling, and decreased ROM

sciatica

any pain produced by irritation of the sciatic nerve; irritated by a disk problem, direct trauma, or trauma from surrounding structures; typically attributed to a tight piriformis; more commonly seen in women

anatomical leg length discrepancy

caused by things present at birth or acquired after birth; can cause problems in all weight bearing joints

functional leg length discrepancy

can be caused by pelvic rotations or malalignment of the spine; can cause hip + knee pain, lower back pain, scoliosis, and other joint issues