Final Exam Questions

 Who was the first leader of the Ottomans?

Osman

What city was captured by the Ottomans under the leadership of Mehmed II in 1453?

Constantinople

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What were millets? 

Religious communities

 What are the four causes of cultural blending?

migration, trade,conquest, and pursuit of religious freedom or conversion

In what five areas do we see change as a result of cultural blending?

language, religion, styles of government, , use of technology, military tactics

Which branch of Islam was followed by the leaders of the Safavids?

Shia

What was the outcome of the Battle of Chaldiran in 1514?

defeat of the Safavids by the Ottamans and the creation of the border between the two empires which is now the border between Iran and Iraq

What types of art was created by the Safavid’s under the rule of Shah Abbas?

metalkwork, miniature paintings, calligraphy, glasswork, tile work, and pottery

What led to the decline of the Safavid Dynasty?

incompetent leaders who cannot handle the job of being a ruler and leading to a quick and rapid decline such as Shah Abbas who killed and blinded his sons and instead his incompetent grandson succeeded him

Who was the founder of the Mughal Empire?

Babur

What weapons did Akbar’s army use to expand the Mughal territory?

Firearms 

What is the official language of India today?

Hindi

Why was the Taj Mahal built?

Shah Jahan loved his wife Mumatz Mahal u as well as architecture so when she died during childbirth, Jahan commanded that a tomb be built for his wife’s memory as beautiful as she was

What problems did the people of India face under the leadership of Shah Jahan?

famine in the land, lack of tools and roads for irrigating their crops, and heavy taxes

Why did the Mughal Empire weaken under Aurangzeb?

his oppression of the people and enforcement of Islamic laws. He began to take away many of the Hindu rights such as bringing back heavy taxes, dismissing them from their positions in government, and destroying their temples and monuments.His Hindu allies soon became his enemies and rebelled against him weakening the Muhgal’s power

Explain how Europeans gained more power in India by the 1600s?

other European countries began to find routes to India. The Mughal emperors handed them the port of Bombay which gave them a foothold for a future empire and conquests in India.

What was the capital of the Ming Dynasty?

Beijing

What agricultural reforms took place under Hongwu?

increase rice production, improve irrigation, encourage fish farming, and grow commercial crops

Describe the ocean voyages of Zheng He.

large and extravagant in the distance travelled, fleet size, and ship measurements. The voyages spanded from Southeast Asia to Eastern Africa, had 40 - 300 ships in each expedition, some fighting ships, storage vessels, and huge treasure ships, and had over 27,000 in a crew. They included sailors, soldiers, docotrs, accountants, interpreters, carpenters, and religious leaders. They would offer and accept gifts

How many ocean voyages did Zheng He lead for the Ming Dynasty?

7

What problems did the Ming face by the year 1600?

ineffective rulers, corrupt officials, a government that was out of money, high taxes, bad harvests that pushed millions of peasants out of starvation, civil strife, and rebellion

Which dynasty replaced the Ming? 

Qing dynasty

What rules did the Qing have about trading with Europeans?

trading only at special ports and paying tribute.

What Chinese trade item made up 80% of their shipments to Europe by 1800?

Tea

Due to low literacy rates, what was a popular form of entertainment in China?

theaer/drama

In what ways was Japanese feudalism similar to European feudalism?

the daiymo built fortified castles just like kings, created a small army of samurai on horses (kinghts), and added foot soldiers with muskets to their army. They also fought other daimyos for territory like kings did both had estates and land and offered peasant land for services and loyalty

What country did Toyotomi Hideyoshi invade in 1592?

Korea

What was the role of the Emperor in Tokugawa Japan?

top rank in social class  but was just a figurehead or a rule by name only with little power. The actual ruler was the shogun

What fraction of the population did the peasants make up in Tokugawa Japan?

Four-fifths 4/5

What was the first European nation to arrive in Japan?

Portugal

What religion was banned in Japan in the year 1612?

Christianity

Once Japan closed trading ports to outsiders, which two countries were allowed to continue trading?

Dutch(Netherlands) and Chinese

How many social classes existed in France?

3

What percentage of the land was controlled by the Roman Catholic Clergy?

5-10%

What percentage of the population did the Third Estate include?

97%

Who were the bourgeoisie?

The middle class

What was the largest group within the Third Estate?

peaseants

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 What were three major causes of the French Revolution?

Enlightenment ideas  which gave new views about how power and authority in government should be handled and inspired the third estates to question the social structure of France

economic troubles which  was in decline because of heavy taxes, debts, and starvation

a weak leader who could not handle the problems properly and allow the situation to get worse.

Describe the attack on the Bastille.  

The attack on the Bastille started with a mob of peasants searching for gunpowder and arms in the Bastille, a Paris prison. The mob overwhelmed the guards, siezed control of the Bastille, hacked the prison commander and several guards to death as well as the mayor, and put their heads on pikes to parade around the streets. The Storming of the Bastille was immensely violent and chaotic

What date is celebrated as Bastille Day in France?

July 14

Why did the women of Paris riot in October 1789?

rising price of bread

Which American document influenced the writing of the Declaration of the Right of Man and the Citizen?

The Declaration of Independenbce

What country did Louis XVI and his family try to escape to?

Austria

Which countries did France declare war on in April 1792?

Austria and Prussia

Which political party took control of France in September 1792?

Jacobins

What crime was Louis XVI found guilty of? What was his sentence?

treason and was sentenced to death by the guillotine

What was the aim of the Committee of Public Safety during the Reign of Terror?

to protect the revolution from its enemies

How many people were executed during the Reign of Terror?

40,000

What happened to Maximilien Robespierre?

betrayed by the National Convention, and was arrested and executre by the guillotine which led to the end of the reign of terror.

Where was Napoleon born?

Corsica

How did Napoleon aim to improve the economy of France?

by setting up an efficient method of tax collection and established a national banking system

Why did Napoleon sell the Louisiana Territory to the U.S.?  How much was France paid for it?

to cut his losses in the Americas and To acquire money to finance operations in Europe France was paid 15 million for it

What were the results of the Battle of Trafalgar?

British defeated France; ensured the British navy supremacy for the next 100 years, and forced Napoleon to give up his plans for invading Britain and look for another way to control the British and lead to his undoing

How was Napoleon able to control so much territory in Europe?

by family relationships making those small independent countries his puppets because they were members of his family and through alliances and easily manipulating powerful countries with threats of military action. His genius in military and victories in battles

What were the goals of Napoleon’s blockade of Great Britain?

to destroy Great Britain’s commercial and industrial economy

by preventing all trade and communication between Great Britain and other European countries,

How did the blockade imposed by Great Britain impact the U.S.?

American ships to be stopped by the British Navy and made them angered to the point where they declared war on Britain in 1812

Who became the King of Spain under Napoleon?

Napoleon’s brother

Why did Napoleon invade Russia in 1812?

because the Russians refused to stop selling grain to Great Britain, and they suspected the Russians to have competing designs on Poland  which was a breakdown of their alliance.

How many French troops invaded Russia?

420,000

How many French soldiers survived the invasion of Russia

10,000

Where was Napoleon exiled to:

1st time - Elba, a tiny Island off the Italian Coast

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2nd time - St.Helena, a remote island in the south atlantic

Who were the five “great powers” that met in Vienna?

Russia, Prussia, Austria, Great Britain, and France

What were two goals of the Congress of Vienna?

Contain france, balance the power in europe, restore monarchies

How did the Congress of Vienna impact Latin America?

causing colonists in Spain to try to take control of colonists in Latin America and tighten control over them which angered them, caused them to rise in revolt, throw off Spain’s control and claim independence

What are textiles?

cloth

Where did England’s cotton come from?

The American South

What was the name of the first steamboat built?

The Clermont

When were free public schools beginning to be established in the United States?

1800s

Explain the several factors that led to an agricultural revolution in Great Britain.

wealthy landowners buying a lot of the land and improving farming methods anfd crop yield

forced small farmers to become tenant farmers or move to the cities.

improvement in livestock breeding, which involved breeders only allowing their best livestock to breed, leading to much healthier and bigger generations of the livestock.

Provide three reasons why the Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain.

had extensive national resources such as water and coal for the fueling of new machines, iron to construct machines, tools and bulidings,and rivers and harbors for transportation.

had an expanding economy to support industrialization and investments.

had  political stability as their military succeses gave them a positive attitude, none of the wars were on their land, and the government could encourage and protect businesses with laws

 In what ways did people’s lives improve due to industrialization?

people being able to earn higher wages, more people could heat their home with coal and eat good food, they wore better clothing

Why were many young women interested in moving to mill towns in the 1800s?

wanted to make higher wages and have more independence.

Name __one__ of the revolutionaries of the 1900s inspired by Marxism?

Russia’s Lennin, China’s Mao Zedong, and Cuba’s Fidel Castro

What were __two__ reforms advocated  by labor unions?

better working conditions, higher wages,

 What percentage of African territory was controlled by Europeans in 1880?

10%

What famous phrase was said by Henry Stanley in 1871?

“Dr. Livingston, I presume?”

What were three motivations for European Imperialism?

Industrilization countries want to add land to their control and search for new markets and raw materials to improve their economies,  competed with other Europoean countries to claim as much of the world as possible and gain cast empire, spread their culture as they believed that they were better than other people and wanted to civilize other lands.

 When did the Berlin Conference take place?

1884 - 1885.

What was the goal of the Berlin Conference?

to lay down rules for the division of Africa between European countries.

Which two African nations remained independent of European control by 1914?

Liberia and Ethiopia

Who were the first Europeans to settle southern Africa?

Dutch

Who were the Afrikaners?

the Boers and were Dutch settlers who took that Africans land and established large farms

What two valuable natural resources were discovered in southern Africa making it a target for European control?

Diamonds and gold

How many black South Africans died fighting in the Boer War?

over 14,000 South Africans

What were the four forms of control used by Europeans to control colonies?

colony, protectorate, sphere of influence, and economic imperialism.

Why were African resistance movements usually unsuccessful?

the increased technology that the Europeans held such as their advanced firearms. The Africans were helpless against these weapons of the European

 How did colonial rule cause a breakdown in traditional African culture?

traditional authority figures were replaced, home and property were transferred disregarding importance, men were forced to leave their villages to support their families, and there was contempt for traditional culture andn admiration for European life

Why did Great Britain want to control the Suez Canal?

it was viewed as the “Lifeline of the Empire: and allowed quicker access to its colonies in Asia and Africa.

Why was the Crimean War fought? Which countries were involved?

The Crimean War was fought for a peninsula in the Black Sea. the Russians and Ottomans, and Britain, and France who fought for the Ottomans.

What crop brought Egypt into the international marketplace?

cotton

What plantation crops were produced in India?

tea, indigo, coffee, cotton, jute, and opium.

What crop grown in India was traded for Chinese tea?

Opium

What developments during British colonial rule led to the modernization of India?

the world’s third largest railroad network which developed a modern economy and brought unity, a modern road network, telephone, and telegraph lines, as well as dams, bridges, and irrigation canals. , sanitation and public health improved and schools and colleges were founded which let literacy improve.

Explain events leading the Sepoy Mutiny.

gossip that spread around saying that the Indian soldier cartridges from New England were greased with beef and pork fat. This angered Hindus and Muslims and cows were sacred to Hindus and Muslims refused to eat meat, so the soldiers all refused to accept the cartridges and jailed the soldiers. This caused the soldiers to rebel and led to the Sepoy Mutiny.

What two nationalist groups are formed in India in the late 1800s and early 1900s?

Indian National Congress and the Muslim League .

What were the major crops grown on Indonesian plantations?

sugar cane, coffee, cocoa, rubber, coconuts, bananas, and pineapple.

Explain the class system developed by the Dutch in Indonesia.  

Dutch were on the top, the wealthy and educated Indonesia workers were next, and then plantation workers were on the bottom.

What changes took place in Southeast Asia as a result of colonial control?

Economy in Southeast Asia grew because of cash crops and goods that could be sold on the world market and roads, harbors, and rail systems improved communication and transportation (mostly for Europeans). Education, health, and sanitation also improved. Many people from other areas of Asia also came to work on plantations and mines which led to religious and racial clashes between Hindus, Muslims, Christians, and Buddhists.

What territories were acquired by the United States in the Pacific? 

the Philippine Islands, Hawaii, and Guam

1. What crops did Europeans bring to Asia from the Americas?

maize, sweet potatoes, and peanuts