APUSH 30, 31, 32

Reader Ch. 30-32 APUSH Test

Sussex Pledge

A promise Germany made to America, after Wilson threatened to sever ties, to stop sinking their ships without warning.

Arm Merchant Ships

How did Wilson want to deal with the Sussex Pledge?

Opposition in the midwest by senators

What was Wilson's plan to deal with the Sussex Pledge met by?

Zimmerman Note 1917

Germany sent this to Mexico instructing an ambassador to convince Mexico to go to war with the U.S. It was intercepted and caused the U.S. to mobilize against Germany, which had proven it was hostile. Mexico could gain Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona

April 6, 1917

US declares war on Germany

First Congresswoman

Jeanette Rankin

6 senators (Jeanette Rankin) and 50 representatives

How many people voted against the declaration of war?

"Make the world safe for democracy"

Wilson gave this as a reason for U.S. involvement in WWI, urged the senators and congressmen in the midwest to support the war.

Wilson wanted to free people from autocracy, rather than fight for land and riches

How did Wilson's slogan lay out an idealized goal?

Wilson originally wanted "peace without victory", which meant no fighting and no war

What is ironic about Wilson's declaration to war?

Fourteen Points Address January 1917

Laid out Wilson's idealistic foreign policy goals including those to prohibit secret alliances, allow self-determination, and the creation of the League of Nations, which could settle disputes peacefully

League of Nations

What was Wilson's most desired point of the 14 Points?

He was a pacifist, he did not like Roosevelt's big stick policy and did not like Taft's Dollar Diplomacy methods of control, made American bankers pull out of the six-nation loan to China, made Congress repeal the Panama Tolls Act

How was Wilson different from his predecessors, foreign-policy wise?

Jones Act 1916

The act that granted the Phillipines territorial status and promised independence as soon as stable government was achieved, achieved in July 4, 1946 (Americans accept Filipino independence)

- After California forbade Japanese-Americans from owning land in the U.S., Wilson sent SoS William Jennings Bryan to diffuse the situation

- Forced to take military action in Haiti in 1915, Wilson sent U.S. Marines to protect Americans and American interests

- 1915: Marines sent to the Dominican Republic to keep order

- 1917: Wilson purchased Virgin Island from Denmark, U.S. wanted to control the Caribbean

How else did Wilson deal with foreign policy (cases in us history)

Mexican Revolution of 1910

For decades, Mexico had been exploited by foreign investors in oil, railroads, and mines

General Victoriano Huerta

After the Mexican president was assassinated, he seized power and essentially caused a massive immigration from Mexico into the U.S.; Revolutionaries in Mexico were dangerous, but Wilson would not do anything about it

Wilson would not recognize Huerta's regime, nor would he want to help Americans who were worried about the danger from these revolutionaries, Wilson allowed arms to go to Huerta's rivals: Venustiano Carranza and Francisco "Poncho" Villa

Wilson stance on Mexican Revolution of 1910

Tampico Incident 1914

a small party of American sailors were arrested, and Mexicans quickly released them, but Wilson used it as an excuse to send the navy to seize the port of Veracruz to stop the arrival of guns and ammunition.

Francisco "Poncho" Villa

Chief rival to president Carranza, Wilson supported Carranza, wanted to provoke a war between Wilson and Carranza by killing American engineers and other Americans.

General John J. Pershing

Brought a few thousand troops into Mexico to fight both Carranza's and Villa's forces, but never captured Villa. Pershing was recalled after World War I began.

ABC Powers (Argentina, Brazil, Chile)

Who helped mediate the Tampico Incident?

Franz Ferdinand

Archduke of Austria-Hungary assassinated by a Serbian nationalist. A major catalyst for WWI.

Central Powers

Austria-Hungary, Germany, Ottoman Empire

Allies

Britain, France, and Russia- Later joined by Italy and Japan

US was initially neutral, but this was precarious. Both sides had attempted to persuade the US into joining their respective side.

What was US's initial stance in WW1?

Central Powers were reliant on America for their heritage

Allies had most of the economic and political ties with America

How did both sides attempt to persuade America in the war?

In 1915, a German operative left his briefcase in a New York elevated car, which was discovered to contain plans for industrial sabotage.

Americans did not like the Kaiser's militant autocratic behavior

What ultimately led most Americans to support Allied forces?

US businesses quickly dealt with both sides, trade with Allies was easy, but trade with Central Powers proved harder due to British blockade: this causes the Central Powers to believe that the US is on the Allies' side.

What could the United States do when neutral?

U-boats

German submarines

Germans used u-boats to deal with the issue. They announced "unrestricted submarine warfare" on the Allies and any 'allies' with the Allies.

How did Germany deal with the British blockade?

Lusitania

A British passenger ship that was sunk by a German U-Boat on May 7, 1915. 128 Americans died. The sinking greatly turned American opinion against the Germans, helping the move towards entering the war.

It ruined the purpose of a submarine (surprise warfare). Wilson's neutrality was teetering.

Why did Germany take back their Sussex Pledge?

To keep the American people out of war and to institute peace. Ironic.

What was Wilson's campaign pledge?

Committee on Public Information

Headed by George Creel, purpose was to persuade the people of America to join the war and to sell war bonds. Took to billboards, pamphlets, leaflets, movies, songs. Oversold war, too high spirits for a war too dark, relied on voluntary rather than compulsory

German Discrimination in US

German Americans were 8% of the population, loyal to US, but because of war, they were treated badly, tarred, feathered, beaten, lynched. German culture renamed, german music not played, beer almost abandoned.

Espionage Act 1917

Law which punished people for aiding the enemy or refusing military duty during WW1, but ended up being an outlet for fears of Germans or anti-war Americans, Socialists and labor unionists were also targeted (Debs + IWW [Haywood])

Sedition Act of 1918

sought to prosecute anyone engaging in "seditious" activity, kind of broke First Amendment, anything anti-government could be prosecuted.

US was not ready for war. Wilson did take early steps, such as forming a Council of National Defense for economic mobilization, increasing shipbuilding, and increased the size of the army.

What was the problem with U.S. entering the world domestically?

US wanted to fix the mobilizing issue, but many state-rights advocates did not agree and some ignored the laws as well. Wilson appoints Bernard Baruch the leader of the War Industries Board to orchestrate industry in the war effort, but the board was still weak, did set a precedent for future

How did US want to deal with their problem with the war?

National War Labor Board

chaired by Taft, wanted to stop labor strikes and disputes before they majorly affected the war effort

Labor in the United States during WW1

Americans did go to work: "work or fight" policy, National War Labor Board helped employers grant high wages and an eight-hour work day, but did not guarantee the right to form unions. Smaller unions like the IWW did not support the war, but others like the AF of L did.

American Federation of Labor

Headed by Samuel Gompers, supported the war, and because of that, membership increased and wages in industries increased as well.

Inflation was high, so high wages did not do much to alleviate this issue, strikes were still rampant, 1919: America's largest steel strike, 250000 workers, 30000 African American workers were used to replace them, violence follows. Violence and tension results from African Americans migrating north for jobs.

Problems with Labor in US in WW1?

Women's rights movement during WWI

Many took industrial jobs, the entire women mass was split on whether to support the war or not, but most did. National Woman's Party was pacifist: organized marches and hunger strikes against germany. Nat. American Woman Suffrage Association supported Wilson, felt that women could gain more from supporting the war now.

Several states gave the right, such as New York, Michigan, OK, western states followed as well, 1920: 19th amendment was instituted nation-wide, Women's Bureau created to protect the worker's rights of women, but most women went home

Process of Women Suffrage

Sheppard-Towner Maternity Act 1921

Designed to appeal to new women voters, this act provided federally financed instruction in maternal and infant health care and expanded the role of government in family welfare, kind of forces women in the home.

Headed by Herbert Hoover, relied on voluntary efforts rather than strict laws, instituted slogans, such as "meatless tuesdays" and "wheat-less wednesday", Americans planted "victory gardens", no grains were wasted on making alcohol

What did the Food Administration do?

Food increased by 25%, shipments to Europe tripled, other programs like the Fuel Administration mimicked the F.A.'s methods, Treasury Department also sought money in the form of war bonds and victory bonds: 2/3 of war effort money was from bonds, others from taxes

What were the successes of the Food Administration?

Much of it was voluntary work, though the government did step in once in a while: government took over railroads in 1917 after they were jammed,

How was much of the actions of the F.A. domestically done?

They had to go full in the war, Allies were out of supplies, men, ammo, etc by 1917. They had to create a draft, men 18 to 45 ages had to register, they couldn't pay for exemptions, army counted to 4 million, troops shuffled into war with little training though.

What did the US have to do in WW1 reluctantly?

Selective Service Act

Law passed by Congress in 1917 that required all men from ages 18 to 45 to register for the military draft, 4 million in army, women served in military for the first time, blacks served too, but were segregated heavily

Bolshevik Revolution, Eastern Front is settled for Germany so Germany can now focus on capturing Paris, but America arrives in the nick of time to save France. Americans went to Belgium, Italy, Russia, Siberia

Early 1918 of World War 1

America stopped the German assault in Paris, provided a boost in morale, and provided supplies for the soldiers.

What were America's main role in the war?

Chateau-Thierry

Battle where Americans saw their first serious action; helped turn back a German offensive on the Marne River in June 1918

Second Battle of the Marne

The first battle that the US participated in overseas. They stopped Germany from taking France, turning point of world war 1

St. Mithiel

America stopped the Germans at the southern flank

He wanted to bring glory to the American soldiers, fought at Belleau Wood, Meuse-Argonne offensive: largest military endeavor at the time for America, and Sgt. Alvin C. York became a hero because of how he captured 132 and killed 20 germans by himself

Why was Gen J J Pershing influential?

Germany was afraid of more Americans coming, so they surrendered, Kaiser fled, quit fighting on 11/11/1918, America gave lots of food, supplies, oil for the Allies to win, while also relied on the Allies for their victories too

How did WW1 end?

Republicans gain a majority in Congress

Midterm Elections 1918

Europe Peace Talks 1918

Wilson goes, does not invite any Republicans for the trip, a bad sign since Republicans had majority in Congress, Republicans felt he was showing off

Henry Cabot Lodge

Chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, he was a leader in the fight against participation in the League of Nations, rival of Wilson

Paris Peace Conference 1919

Peace conference run by the allied powers to discuss terms of the Treaty of Versailles at end of WW1, Italy, France, Britain (David Lloyd George), US

Conflicting ideals ruled the conference: France and Britain wanted to punish Germany, Italy wanted money and land, US wanted to heal wounds with the League of Nations, which he wanted to use to end all wars. bargained with france and Britain, gave land to France and Britain

What happened at the Paris Peace Conference?

War Guilt Clause

Wilson reluctantly agrees, formally places blame on Germany, charges Germany for cost of war (33 billion USD), Wilson wanted to find a compromise between imperalism and idealism, but failed to do so

irreconcilables

Senators who voted against the League of Nations with or without reservations, Europe saw opposition since these senators would not accept the treaty as how it was then and used it to bargain

France wanted more land; Wilson agreed but enforced a vote for ownership in 15 years, allows the "Security Treaty", which stated that US and Britain would help France when it needed to; Italy wanted the seaport of Fiume, Wilson denies, Japan wanted China's Shantung and German Islands in Pacific, Wilson let Japan have islands, but Japan promised to give China its land back in the future

How did Europe bargain?

Treaty of Versailles

the treaty imposed on Germany by the Allied powers in 1920 after the end of World War I which demanded exorbitant reparations from the Germans, Germans wanted some of the 14 points, but only a few got in, bred a new war.

He was disliked by both liberals and imperialists. He had fallen and many did not like how he wanted to make an idealistic treaty, such as the League of Nations. Many wanted America to be isolated, did not want to get into "entangling alliances", people thought the treaty was too tough, others too soft, some thought it was too harsh on America, Irish Ams thought it gave Britain too much power

How was Wilson viewed after the Treaty of Versailles?

Senator Henry Cadot Lodge held meetings in the Senate to read the 264 page document, but while waiting, Wilson would take a tour promoting the treaty, German Americans in Midwest did not like, irreconcilables followed promoting anti-treaty beliefs, Wilson was paralyzed after a speech soon after.

How did Republicans attempt to defeat the Treaty of Versailles?

Reservations to the Treaty of Versailles

Lodge came up with 14 Reservations to the Treaty of Versailles. He and other republicans wanted to join the League of Nations with these reservations. Democrats rejected Lodges idea. There weren't enough senate votes to pass the treaty of versailles and they never joined the league of nations, right for America to rule herself, wanted to retain the right to decide when to attack (article X attack when another country is attacked)

Wilson's inability to compromise, as well as the League of Nations among the nation, convinced Democrats to vote against the revised treaty of versailles, traditionalism, isolationism, partisanship, Wilson asked for everything and got nothing.

What caused the Treaty of Versailles to fail in America?

Wilson wanted to take the issue to the people: "solemn referendum", wanted the people to vote on the issue by voting in the election.

How did Wilson want to deal with the failure of the treaty in Congress?

Election of 1920

Republican, Warren G. Harding, with V.P. running mate Coolidge, beat Democrat, Governor James Cox, with V.P. running mate, FDR. The issues were WW I, the post-war economy and the League of Nations, Republicans could organize better after Roosevelt's death, Harding wanted to return to "normalcy" and to take a break from Wilsonian high-mindedness

It was meant to be the war to end all wars, but it started World War II, US could have been a world leader, but chose to stay isolated, which started WWII even more, France built massive military

How was World War 1 ironic?

America switched to isolationism and anti-foreigner, "radicals" were shunned and foreigners were expected to change American, a Red Scare emerged, which was fueled by the recent Russian Revolution, Eugene Debs growing numbers, strikes, and mail bombs

After World War I, how did America's attitude change?

Red Scare 1919-1920

fear of communism, communism was from Europe, shunned foreigners, blamed bombs on communists, Att. Gen. Mitchell Palmer vowed to prosecute communists, deported and arrest 6k people

Free speech was under fire, states passed laws outlawing violence for social change, some elected officials were denied seats on the legislature because they were socialist.

How did the Red Scare border on amendments and rights?

Criminal syndicalism laws

Passed by many states during the Red Scare of 1919-1920, these nefarious laws outlawed the mere advocacy of violence to secure social change. Stump speakers for the International Workers of the World, or IWW, were special targets

Big businesses used it to put down labor unions, antiunion campaigns.

How did the red-scare help business?

American Plan

Term that some U.S. employers in the 1920s used to describe their policy of refusing to negotiate with unions. Demonstrated laissez-faire economics.

Sacco and Vanzetti Trial

prejudiced jury sentenced them to death, caused riots around the world, new trial denied, Italian immigrants accused of murder, but since they were Italian, atheists, anarchists, and draft dodgers, they were executed, liberals hung their heads, the world angry.

KKK in the 1920s

Resembled the antiforeign "nativist" movements of 1850s, it was antiforeign, catholic, black, jewish, pacifist, communist, internationalist, bootlegger, gambling, birth control, etc. extremist, ultraconservative uprising. Pro White, Anglo-Saxon, Protestant (WASP)

expanded scope of hatred, rode red wave, grew to about 5 million. Spread widely in Midwest and the Bible Belt South where Protestant Fundamentalism thrived. Used intimidation, fear, lynches. Suddenly collapsed after Congressional investigation, as well as people backing out of the intense ideals. KKK was a manifestation of people's prejudice and intolerance who were anxious of social change.

How did the KKK in the 1920s grow?

People recoiled in nativism ways, Congress passed the Emergency Quota Act of 1921, which only allowed 3% of the nationality's population in the US to immigrate, favorable for immigrants in Southern Europe, so it was replaced by the Immigration Act of 1924

How did the nation respond to mass immigration from Southern Europe?

Immigration Act of 1924

Also known as the Johnson-Reed Act. Federal law limiting the number of immigrants that could be admitted from any country to 2% of the amount of people from that country who were already living in the U.S. as of the census of 1890, very nativist, closed door to Japanese, had Old Immigrants In, New Immigrants Out beliefs

In 1931, first time more foreigners left than came into the nation, marked first restriction other than the Chinese Exclusion Act, as well as the end of free immigration into the United States

Significance of Immigration Act of 1924

Horace Kallen and Randolph Borne, Kallen argued that the immigrants should preserve their ancestral customs, and the US should protect their uniqueness, while Bourne advocated for a crossing between cultures, that America should be a melting pot, leads to a multiculturalism bloom in the last quarter of the 1900s

What two beliefs emerged about immigration?

Eighteenth Amendment

Prohibited the manufacture, sale, and distribution of alcoholic beverages, Congress passes the Volstead Act to carry out this action, more popular in South and West, many did not like, as America has a history of drinking cultures and weak gov't

Prohibition did not have enough gov't agents to enforce the law, plus many people did not view it as a law. Legislators drank, as well as the rich and poor. People openly broke the law on a mass scale, making it harder to control.

Issues with Prohibition

Speakesies

Places where people could get around Prohibition, hard liquor was more popular due to easy transportation of more alcohol, splash of culture

Bank savings increased, absenteeism in industry decreased, strong drink continued to be popular even after Prohibition was removed entirely

Pros of Prohibition

Gangs in US 1920s

Often dealt with anti-prohibition actions, bootlegging, alcohol sales, staked out territories and bars, dipped in gambling, narcotics, Chicago led gang world

Al Capone

A mob king in Chicago who controlled a large network of speakeasies with enormous profits. His illegal activities convey the failure of prohibition in the twenties and the problems with gangs, imprisoned for tax evasion

Lindbergh Law 1932

Made interstate abduction in certain circumstances a death-penalty offense.