UIL Science

Cytokinins

Plant hormones that stimulate cell division and cytokinesis

Ethylene

plant hormone that stimulates fruits to ripen

Auxin

a plant hormone that promotes root formation and bud growth

Gibberellic Acids

ensuring that plants bloom

homeotic genes (hox genes)

Genes that determine basic features of where a body part is.

Egg Polarity Genes

A maternal gene that encodes for products (mRNA or protein) whose spatial distribution in the egg determines the orientation (polarity) of the egg. Its expression takes place even before fertilization.

Segmentation Genes

Genes that determine the number and polarity of body segments.

Morphogenic Genes

the biological process that causes a cell, tissue or organism to develop its shape

Mullerian Mimicry

Evolution of two species, both of which are unpalatable (defense mechanism), to resemble each other

Batesian Mimicry

A type of mimicry in which a harmless species looks like a species that is poisonous or otherwise harmful to predators.

Aggressive Mimicry

when a predator mimics a harmless or desirable species

Automimicry (or Intraspecific Mimicry)

one part of an organism's body mimics another part (owl eyes on butterflies)

Anopheles Mosquito

malaria

Innate Behavior

occurs naturally in all members of a species, not learned

Fixed Action Pattern

In animal behavior, a sequence of unlearned acts that is essentially unchangeable and, once initiated, usually carried to completion.

Reflex Behavior

automatic, involuntary, innate response to stimulation

Learned Behavior

a behavior that has been learned from experience or observation

Habituation

decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation

Sensitization

an increase in behavioral response after exposure to a stimulus

Classical Conditioning

a type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events (bell+drool)

conditioned taste aversion

Occurs when an animal associates the taste of a certain food with symptoms caused by a toxic, spoiled, or poisonous substance.

observational learning

A type of learning that occurs through observing the behavior of others.

operant conditioning

A type of learning where behavior is controlled by consequences, such as reward or punishment.

play

behaviors that have no particular goal except enjoyment or satisfaction, but can help young animals develop the skills, and improve fitness, that will be needed during adulthood

insight learning

A type of learning that uses past experiences and reasoning to solve problems.

imprinting

Rapid learning that occurs during a brief receptive period, typically soon after birth or hatching, and establishes a long-lasting behavioral response to a specific individual or object.

Kin Selection

the process by which evolution selects for individuals who cooperate with their relatives

outermost phosphate on ATP

Gamma Phosphate Group

Intrasexual selection

competition between members of the same sex (usually males) for access to mates

Intersexual selection

where members of one sex (usually females) choose members of the opposite sex.

Symport Protein

an integral membrane protein that is involved in the transport of two (or more) different molecules across the cell membrane in the same direction

Antiport Protein

an integral membrane protein that uses secondary active transport to move two or more molecules in opposite direction

Cotransport Protein

movement of more than one substance at a time

Microtubules

most commonly made of filaments of alpha and beta tubulin, from centrosome, hold organelles, cell shape, cilia and flagella,

Microfilaments

two thin actin chains, concentrated beneath the cell membrane support the cell and keep its shape, pseudopodia and microvilli

Intermediate filaments

organize the inside structure of the cell by holding organelles and providing strength, structural components of the nuclear envelope, protein keratin

Plasticity

the ability of some organisms to develop into several possible phenotypes depending on the environment they face

Gradualism

The theory that evolution occurs slowly but steadily

Atavism

in biology, the reappearance of a characteristic in an organism after several generations of absence; individual or a part that exhibits atavism; return of a trait after a period of absence

plasmolysis

a process involving a plant cell losing water content and therefore contracting and shrinking its cytoplasm and plasma membrane away from the inside of its cell wall

crenation

This happens when a cell shrinks and shrivels; can result in cell death if severe.

Taxis

Movement toward or away from a stimulus (directional movement)

Kinesis

a movement or activity of a cell or an organism in response to a stimulus

Chromatosome

fundamental units of chromatin structure that are formed when a linker histone protein binds to a nucleosome

snRNPs

(small nuclear ribonucleoproteins) composed of RNA and protein molecules, recognize the splice sites, and join with additional proteins to form a spliceosome

Diatoms

phytoplankton, supergroup Stramenopiles

Aneuploidy

Abnormal number of chromosomes in a haploid set

Euploidy

the correct number of chromosomes in a species

Diploidy

the presence of two complete sets of chromosomes in an organism's cells

Polyploidy

condition in which an organism has extra sets of chromosomes (plants)

DNA Polymerase 1

fill DNA gaps that arise during DNA replication, repair, and recombination, fills in RNA primer

DNA Polymerase 2

functions in editing and proofreading mainly in the lagging strand

DNA Polymerase 3

main replicative enzyme

exonuclease

is an enzyme that can degrade RNA molecules by removing nucleotides from one end of the RNA strand

Monoploidy

An individual that contains one half the normal number of chromosomes

innate (general) immune system

protects you against all antigens

adaptive (specialized) immune system

specialized immune cells and antibodies that attack and destroy foreign invaders and are able to prevent disease in the future by remembering what those substances look like and mounting a new immune response

Competitive Exclusion

Ecological rule that states that no two species can occupy the same exact niche in the same habitat at the same time

Monosomy

Chromosomal abnormality consisting of the absence of one chromosome from the normal diploid number

Trisomy

3 copies of a chromosome

charles darwin's theory of natural selection

1. Variation in Traits

2. Compete for Survival

3. Survival of the Fittest

4. Common Ancestry

5. Descent with Modification

Quarter Sampling

collect a representative sample from a larger population or area, divides an area into four parts (quarters) and selects one or more of these parts to collect samples from, more manageable, ensures sample reflects the diversity

eDNA

eDNA is DNA detected in environmental samples such as water or soil that is used to confirm the presence of the species that produced it.

Water Column Testing

analyzing a body of water from the surface to the bottom to study the different physical, chemical, and biological factors within the water

Random Sampling

refers to the process of selecting individuals or units from a population in such a way that every member of the population has an equal chance of being chosen

Hyperpolarization results from __.

slow closing of voltage-gated K+ channels (membrane potential becomes more negative)

Depolarization

The process during the action potential when sodium is rushing into the cell causing the interior to become more positive.

Repolarization

Return of the cell to resting state, caused by reentry of potassium into the cell while sodium exits the cell.

Securin

inhibits separase, a protein involved in the control of the metaphase-anaphase transition and anaphase onset

Separase

An enzyme that works during anaphase to cleaves the cohesins that hold the sister chromatids together.

Cohesin

protein that holds sister chromatids together

anaphase promoting complex (APC)

A protein complex that triggers the separation of sister chromatids and orchestrates the carefully timed destruction of proteins that control progress through the cell cycle; the complex catalyzes the ubiquitylation of its targets.

Homolactic Acid Fermentation

Pyruvic acid is converted directly to lactic acid

Heterolactic Acid Fermentation

produce mainly lactic acid, but also produce ethanol and CO2

Butyric Acid Fermentation

it involves the conversion of pyruvate into butyric acid along with acetic acid, carbon dioxide and hydrogen.

Acetic Acid Fermentation

Some bacteria ferment alcohol to produce acetic acid (vinegar)

Eudicots

Member of a clade consisting of the vast majority of flowering plants that have two embryonic seed leaves, or cotyledons, 4 to 5 petals, net pattern on leaves, organized phloem and xylem

Monocots

Flowering plant whose embryos have one cotyledon, petals in 3s, parallel leaf pattern, xylem and phloem in a ring

Microevolution

Evolutionary change below the species level; change in the allele frequencies in a population over generations.

Adhesins

proteins that are present on the surface of bacteria or fungi that help in attaching to biotic or abiotic surfaces

Kinetochores

associated with the centromere of a chromosome during cell division, to which the microtubules of the spindle attach.

Shugoshin

Protein that protects cohesin from being degraded by separase

CRISPR/Cas9

a revolutionary gene editing technique derived from the immune system of simple prokaryotes

Western Blot

a laboratory technique used to detect a specific protein in a blood or tissue sample

Northern Blot

detect a specific RNA sequence in a blood or tissue sample.

Southern Blot

detection and quantification of a specific DNA sequence in DNA samples

RNA Polymerase 1

transcribes rRNA

RNA polymerase II

transcribes mRNA

RNA Polymerase III

transcribes tRNA

Repulsion Phase

When a dominant allele at one locus is on the same homologous chromosome as a recessive allele of the other linked gene (Ab/aB)

Eastern Blot

is similar to the western blot but it is for post-transational modifications, probes bind to lipids, carbohydrates and phosphates,

Monophyletic

Encompasses a common ancestor and all of its descendants

Which bases have a lower melting point

A and T

phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) carboxylase

catalyzes the conversion of phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) and bicarbonate into oxaloacetate, a crucial intermediate in various metabolic pathways. This reaction is the first step in the C4 cycle and CAM cycle

major groove

occurs where the DNA backbones are far apart, where DNA binding proteins usually bind to

minor groove

occurs where they are close together