Studied by 7 people
stranger anxiety
when around strangers, babies become anxious, and may cling to their parent or familiar caregiver
critical period
the period in the life of an organism when exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces normal development
temperament
their characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity.
Mary Ainsworth
a developmental psychologists who compiled extensive data sets on early childhood development in the 1960s & 1970s
fetal alcohol syndrome
can result in an epigenetic effect on the genes of the fetus, resulting in both physical and cognitive abnormalities that follow the child for the rest of their life.
imprinting
the process by which certain animals form strong attachments during an early-life
gestation
period of development and growth of the fetus/child from conception to birth.
teratogens
an agent
such as a chemical or virus that can harm the embryo during embryonic development.
Johnathan Haidt
One of the most recent criticisms of American parenting—which is
characterized by a lack of exposure to risk, adversity, and over-protection
—comes from
attachment bond
Ainsworth documented an ‘attachment’ process that developed in children
(mostly to their mothers) in their first year of life;
Konrad Lorenz
first to emphasize the role of biology in development, thus linking the two topics at a time when biology was anathema in psychology
schemata
concepts or frameworks that organizes and interprets information.
Lawrence Kohlberg
asserted moral development took place in three basic levels of moral thinking:
maturation
the biological growth processes that enables orderly changes in behavior
conception
the merger of DNA
from a single male sperm (1 out of about 200 million) and the female egg
in the ovary.
Diana Baumrind
determined there were, roughly speaking,
three different parenting styles—all of which had different impacts on the development of the children into adulthood
Harry Harlow
analyzed the development of infant monkeys with surrogate mothers;
the surrogate mothers—one cloth and one wired—were equipped with bottles
affection and attention
Carol Gilligan
suggested most women
had a more feminine view of morality, predicated, instead, based on an understanding
of responsibilities, care for others, and the cultivation of personality relationships
sensorimotor stage
which spanned birth to about 2 years old. In this stage, infants primarily know the
world in terms of sensory impressions and motor activities (i.e., not much thought). With no refined linguistic ability,
children at this stage of development have to figure out the work through the use of their vision, sight, and other senses.
preoperational stage
ranging roughly from age 2 to 6 or 7. In this stage, the child learns to use language
but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic, and also advances their theory of mind ability
John Piaget
a Swiss developmental psychologist, dedicated most
of his professional life to studying the development of children
authoritarian
style of parenting is one that imposes rules and expects unquestioned obedience.
postconventional stage
stage of development centered around the realization that society is comprised of individuals with perspectives that may override society’s views of moral or acceptable behavior
Zone of Proximal Development
children benefited the most when they received the
minimum amount of support to overcome optimally-difficult learning tasks
egocentric
nearly incapable of comprehending another person’s perspective.
authoritative
both demanding and responsive to the children.
concrete operational stage
sets in from age 6 or 7 to 11 During this stage, children gain
the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete (not abstract) events
theory of mind
the idea that other humans are their own beings, with perspectives, feelings, and intentions of their own
permissive
parents submit to child’s desires.
formal operational stage
sets in around puberty; this is when children begin to comprehend
abstract concepts, problem-solve, analyze their thinking, utilize deductive reasoning, & fully escape ego-
centrism;
accommodation
adapt our current
understandings to incorporate new information.
assimilation
interpreting our new experiences with our existing schemas.
conventional stage
Beginning roughly at adolescence, individuals at this stage begin to understand the purpose and function of rules
Ethics of Care
this feminine emphasis was not a ‘lower’ stage of moral reasoning, but rather an alternate set of values; the name attached to her alternative moral voice is referred to as the
preconventional stage
Children at this stage are not entirely aware of and/or concerned with the well-being of others
aside from their direct benefit; sharing doesn’t necessarily mean knowledge of the act as
genuinely altruistic, but rather as a means of hoping to benefit from sharing themselves
