Unit 6 psychology quiz

stranger anxiety

when around strangers, babies become anxious, and may cling to their parent or familiar caregiver

critical period 

the period in the life of an organism when exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces normal development

temperament

their characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity.

Mary Ainsworth 

a developmental psychologists who compiled extensive data sets on early childhood development in the 1960s & 1970s

fetal alcohol syndrome

can result in an epigenetic effect on the genes of the fetus, resulting in both physical and cognitive abnormalities that follow the child for the rest of their life.

imprinting

the process by which certain animals form strong attachments during an early-life

gestation

period of development and growth of the fetus/child from conception to birth.

teratogens 

an agent

such as a chemical or virus that can harm the embryo during embryonic
development.

Johnathan Haidt

One of the most recent criticisms of American parenting—which is

characterized by a lack of exposure to risk, adversity, and over-protection

—comes from

attachment bond

Ainsworth documented an ‘attachment’ process that developed in children

(mostly to their mothers) in their first year of life;

Konrad Lorenz

first to
emphasize the role of biology in development, thus linking the two topics at a time when biology was anathema in psychology

schemata

concepts or frameworks that organizes and interprets
information.

Lawrence Kohlberg

asserted moral development took place in three basic levels of moral thinking:

maturation

the biological growth processes that enables orderly changes in behavior

conception

the merger of DNA

from a single male sperm (1 out of about 200 million) and the female egg

in the ovary.

Diana Baumrind

determined there were, roughly speaking,

three different parenting styles—all of which had different impacts on the development of the children into adulthood

Harry Harlow

analyzed the development of infant monkeys with surrogate mothers;

the surrogate mothers—one cloth and one wired—were equipped with bottles

affection and attention

Carol Gilligan

suggested most women

had a more feminine view of morality, predicated, instead, based on an understanding

of responsibilities, care for others, and the cultivation of personality relationships

sensorimotor stage

which spanned birth to about 2 years old. In this stage, infants primarily know the

world in terms of sensory impressions and motor activities (i.e., not much thought). With no refined linguistic ability,

children at this stage of development have to figure out the work through the use of their vision, sight, and other senses.

preoperational stage

ranging roughly from age 2 to 6 or 7. In this stage, the child learns to use language

but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic, and also advances their theory of mind ability

John Piaget

a Swiss developmental psychologist, dedicated most

of his professional life to studying the development of children

authoritarian

style of parenting is one that imposes rules and expects unquestioned obedience.

postconventional stage

stage of development centered around the realization that society
is comprised of individuals with perspectives that may override society’s views of moral or acceptable behavior

Zone of Proximal Development

children benefited the most when they received the

minimum amount of support to overcome optimally-difficult learning tasks

egocentric

nearly incapable of comprehending
another person’s perspective.

authoritative

both demanding and responsive to the children.

concrete operational stage

sets in from age 6 or 7 to 11 During this stage, children gain

the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete (not abstract) events

theory of mind

the idea that other humans are their own beings, with perspectives, feelings, and intentions of their own

permissive

parents submit to child’s desires.

formal operational stage

sets in around puberty; this is when children begin to comprehend

abstract concepts, problem-solve, analyze their thinking, utilize deductive reasoning, & fully escape ego-

centrism;

accommodation

adapt our current

understandings to incorporate new information.

assimilation

interpreting our new experiences with our existing schemas.

conventional stage

Beginning roughly at adolescence, individuals at this stage begin to understand the purpose and function of rules

Ethics of Care

this feminine emphasis was not a ‘lower’ stage of moral reasoning, but rather an
alternate set of values; the name attached to her alternative moral voice is referred to as the

preconventional stage

Children at this stage are not entirely aware of and/or concerned with the well-being of others

aside from their direct benefit; sharing doesn’t necessarily mean knowledge of the act as

genuinely altruistic, but rather as a means of hoping to benefit from sharing themselves