Psychometric properties refer to the characteristics of a psychological test that determine its reliability and validity. These properties include:
- Reliability (consistency of results).
- Test-Retest Reliability: Measures the consistency of results when the same test is administered to the same group of individuals at different times.
- Inter-Rater Reliability: Measures the agreement between different raters or observers when assessing the same phenomenon.
- Internal Consistency Reliability: Measures the extent to which items within a test or scale are consistent in measuring the same construct.
- Parallel Forms Reliability: Measures the consistency of results between different versions of the same test.
- Split-Half Reliability: Measures the consistency of results by splitting a test into two halves and comparing the scores.
- Validity (accuracy of measuring what it intends to measure)
- Internal Validity: Refers to the extent to which a study accurately measures the cause-and-effect relationship between variables within a controlled setting.
- External Validity: Relates to the generalizability of research findings to the real world or other populations.
- Construct Validity: Involves the degree to which a measurement accurately assesses the theoretical construct it intends to measure.
- Content Validity: Refers to the extent to which a measurement covers all relevant aspects of the construct being measured.
- Criterion Validity: Assesses the degree to which a measurement correlates with an established criterion or gold standard.
- Concurrent Validity: Measures the extent to which a new measurement correlates with an existing measurement of the same construct.
- Predictive Validity: Determines the extent to which a measurement predicts future outcomes or behaviors.
- Face Validity: Involves the subjective judgment of whether a measurement appears to measure what it intends to measure.
- Standardization (consistent administration and scoring): In psychometric properties, standardization refers to the process of administering a test using standardized protocols. This means that the test is carefully developed and administered in a consistent manner to ensure that the results are reliable and valid.
- Norms (comparison to a representative sample): Norms, on the other hand, are an integral aspect of psychological testing and provide context and interpretation to test scores. They are established by administering a psychological test to a representative sample of individuals and then comparing their scores to determine the average or typical performance for a particular group. Norms provide a basis for comparing an individual’s test score with the scores of others in the same group.
Principles of psychometrics involve the use of statistical methods to analyze test data, such as: