cardio vascular system

th e heart ahs 4 chambers (opening)

• superior chambers: atrium (atria)

• inferior chambers: ventricle

lub, dub, rest

the right and left atrium contract they send their blood to the ventricles then the ventricles contract and sent out of the heart. Then there is a portion of time where the heart is relaxing filling it with blood

systole

the heart is contracting

• heaty pumpon

diastole

the heart is relaxing - important

• heart relaxing

asystole

the heart isn’t contracting - flatline

the importance of valves

we only want the blood to move in one direction (systemic, repetative)

purpose of valves

to prevent the backflow of blood

murmur

the valve doesnt close properly

atrioventricular valve

• prevent back flow of blood into atria when ventricles contract

• open: when the atria contract

• closed: when the ventricles contract

semiluna valve

• prevent the back flow of blood into the ventricles when the blood is sent out of the heart

• closed: when the atria contract

• open: when ventricles contract

cardiac cycle

• cardiac cycle = systole + diastole

• Diastole represents ventricular filling, and systole represents ventricular contraction

sound 1, sound 2, rest (repeat

• sound 1: closing of the AV valves

• sound 2: closing of the semilunar valves

where is pressure highest

systemic arteries: they are thicker because they have to sustain pressure

where is pressure lowest

systemic veins: because its further away from the pumping mechanism (action) of the heart and it has to work against gravity

which has the highest pressure between systemic arteries, veins and aorta

• aorta because it receives blood directly from the heart's powerful left ventricle, creating a high-pressure system to pump oxygenated blood throughout the body.

• higher pressure, thicker muscles to go against pressure

major vessels

superior and inferior vena cava

superior vena cava

collecting blood to the heart from the areas above the diaphragm

inferior vena cava

returns blood to the heart from area below the diaphragm

aorta

• acsending

• arch

• descending

• abdominal

ascending aorta

is the right and left coronary artery which supply oxygenated blood to the heart

arch of the aorta

• brachiocephalic trunk

• right and left common carotid artery

• left and right subclavian artery

brachiocephalic trunk (artery)

the first major branch off the aortic arch, carrying oxygenated blood to the right side of the head, neck, and right arm by splitting into the right subclavian artery (arm) and right common carotid artery (head/neck)

right common carotid artery

a major blood vessel in the neck that supplies oxygenated blood to the head, face, and neck, originating from the brachiocephalic trunk (a branch of the aorta) and traveling upward

right subclavian

a major artery in the upper chest, originating from the brachiocephalic trunk - unlike the left subclavian - (a branch of the aorta)and supplying oxygenated blood to the right arm, neck, and parts of the head

left common carotid artery

a major blood vessel in the neck, arising directly from the aortic arch to supply the head, neck, and brain with oxygenated blood, distinct from the right side where it branches from the brachiocephalic trunk

left subclavian artery

a major artery originating directly from the aortic arch that supplies oxygenated blood to the left arm, head, and neck

descending/ thoracic aorta

the section of the body's main artery (aorta) that travels down through the chest, from just below the aortic arch to the diaphragm, supplying oxygen-rich blood to the chest, spinal cord, and upper abdomen before becoming the abdominal aorta

abdominal aorta

the body's main artery, carrying oxygen-rich blood from the heart through the chest (thoracic aorta) down into the abdomen, where it branches to supply organs and leg

jugular vein

• 2 jugular veins

• return deoxygenated blood back to the ehart

carotid artery

• 2 carotid arteries

• rake oxygenated blood to the head

what regulates the heart beat

• brain - autonomic nervous system

  • parasympathetic and sympathetic

• intrinsic conduction system

intrinsic conduction system

Sinoatrial (SA) Node and Atrioventricular (AV) Node

SA node

• superior portion of the right atrium

• goes to the AV node

• is the pacemaker of the heart (sets the pace)

• nerves go to the heart to stimulate the SA node

• damage to the SA node would result in a person needing a artificial pace maker

AV node

• inferior portion of the right atrium

• goes around the heart

normal resting heart rate

60 - 100 bpm

• lower resing hear rate is fit

tachycardia

rapid heart rate > 100 bpm

bradycardia

slower heart rate < 60 bmp

myocardial infarction (heart attack)

If the heart beats too fast for too long, in an already compromised heart, it might not receive enough oxygenated blood

ischemic

• inadequate blood supply

• the heart might not be able to receive an adequate blood supply (ischemia) because the rest period is shortened and not filled with enough blood, and the heart itself is not receiving enough blood

signs and symptoms of myocardial infarctio

• male: crushing chest pain

• female: sudden projectile vom

the coronary artery involvement in myocardial infarctio

the coronary artery supplies the cardiac muscles with blood but if enough blood isn’t reaching the coronary artery the heart will fail

left sided heart failure

pulmonary edema

pulmonary edema

• caused by: the left side of the heart fails

• the left side of the heart sends blood into systemic circulation (entire body) it recieves blood to the ehart

• the left side of the heart fails (weakens), which leads to pulmonary edema

pulmanary edema explained

• the left side of the heart (left ventricle) is weakened and can’t pump efficiently, it struggle to move the oxygenated blood into the systemic circulation (entire body).

• While blood is still being fired and pumped toward the lungs, the heart is unable to pull it through the pulmonary vein into its chambers. This backup causes increased pressure

• The resulting increase in pressure forces fluid into the lungs

signs and symptoms of pulmonary edema

• gradually happens over time

• feels like water in throat when lying down (feel relief sitting up)

• snoring (gargling water sound)

• feels like drowing (water in respiratory system)

right sided heart failure

peripheral edema

peripheral edema

The left side is pumping at a normal rate to the body, but a weak right heart can’t pump blood forward, causing back-up in systemic veins. Because it can’t handle the backup or amount of fluid pushed back, the backup leads to increased pressure in the vein, which leads to peripheral edema in the arms, legs, ankles, and hands

signs and symptoms of peripheral edema

swelling of ankles and geet

murmur

• abdominal sounds (swishing sounds)

murmur explanation

blood flows through the ehart its silent, swishing sounds indicate the valve isn’t closing properly

• swishing of blood sounds - valve didn’t close properly

abnormal aortic aneurism

• weakens walls and the walls could rupture

• the left ventrical is pushing the blood throuhg the aorta which is bad becuase a local enlargement can weaken the walls and it can burst

aneurism

local enlargement of artery (only in one spot - can occur anywhere)

local enlargement in the abdominal aorta

• normal - 2cm

• local enlargement - 3cm

• medical attention - 5cm

sign and symptoms of abnornmaaortic aneurism

• none

• if there is: referred pain pattern (back)

causes of abnormal aortic aneurism

• high blood pressure

• hardening of arteries: becuase of smoking tobacco, poor diet

abnornmaaortic aneurism diagnosis

• palpate the pulsation of abdominal aorta

• mri

• imaging

  • abdominal ultraound

  • take an x-ray

treatment of abnornmaaortic aneurism

• surgery

electrocardiogram

• detect abnormalities in a persons heart rythm

• measure the electro activity in the heart

• abnormalities in the shape and timing can tell where the problem i s

electroactivity

pacemaker of the heart - SA node

vital signs

• temperature

• pulse (in artery) - tests the efficiency of persons cardiovascular system

• blood pressure

pulse

• when taking it you look for irregularity and high or lower

• radial pulse: most accessible

• cardial pulse: strognest

peripheral pulses

• temporal

• carotid

• apical (unilateral)

• brachial

• radial (easiest to access)

• fermoral

• popliteal

• dorsalis pedis

• posterior tibial

blood pressure

• pressure on walls of the vessals

• take bp on brachial artery

  • looking for pressure in brachial artery

  • normal: 120/30 mm/Hg (milligrams of mercury)

    • contract/ relax

contract/ relax

systolic pressure/ diastolic pressure = pressure in arteris during ventricular contraction/ presure in arteries during ventricular relaxation