Exam 4

The bones that fuse to form the socket for the hip joint articulate with the what?

Femur

The medial adductor muscles of the hip originate on what bone?

Pubis

What is the posterior ligament of the hip?

Ischiofemoral ligament

What muscles are antagonists to the adductor muscle groups?

Abductors, gluteus muscles, and tensor fasciae latae

Which muscles make up the iliopsoas (hip flexors/true groin muscles)?

Iliacus, psoas minor, and psoas major

What muscles flexes both the hip joint and lumbar spine?

Psoas major

What hip joint muscle both flexes the hip and extends the knee joint?

Rectus femoris

What muscle, along with the hamstrings, is an extensor of the hip joint?

Gluteus maximus

What are the main abductors of the hip joint?

Gluteus medius, gluteus minimus, and tensor fasciae latae

What muscles are located laterally to the hip joint?

Gluteus minimus, gluteus medius, and TFL

The joint formed between the lower leg and the foot, referred to as the mortise and tenon joint, is what joint?

Talocural joint

The motion that turns the ankle so that the plantar surface of the feet face each other is ankle what?

Inversion

The soleus muscle only plantar flexes the ankle, and its main antagonist muscle is the what?

Tibialis anterior

The motion that turns the ankle so that the plantar surface of the feet face away from each other is ankle what?

Eversion

The joint of the ankle that allows for most of the inversion and eversion is the what?

Talocalcaneal joint

The Achilles tendon (heel cord) inserts on the what?

Calcaneus

The major lateral ligament of the ankle joint is the what?

Anterior talofibular

What muscle is not considered a synergistic to the peroneus long is in plantar flexion of the foot?

Tibialis anterior

The major medial ligament of the ankle joint is the what?

Deltoid

The ligamentous structure running between the shafts of the tibia and fibula is the what?

Interosseous membrane

When the top (dorsal) portion of the foot is moved toward the lower leg and knee, the ankle joint movement is what?

Dorsiflexion

The interosseous membrane serves as a source for muscular attachment and is found between the medial border of the shaft of the fibula and the what?

Lateral border of the shaft of the tibia

What muscles are not extrinsic muscles of the posterior compartment of the lower leg?

Extensor digitorum and peroneus tertius

Together with the tendon of insertion of the gastrocnemius, what muscle is also part of the Achilles tendon?

Soleus

What muscles are not involved as a plantar flexor of the ankle joint?

Muscles that dorsiflex, to include:

Tibialis anterior, extensor digitorum longus, extensor hallucis longus, and peroneus tertius

What are the 6 deep external rotators of the hip joint?

Piriformis, gemellus superior, internal obturator (obturator internus), gemellus inferior, external obturator (obturator externus), & quadratus femoris

The tensor fascia latae assist (acts as a synergist) two other muscles in what moment of the hip joint?

Abduction

What is the only muscle in the quadriceps group that crosses both the knee and the hip joints?

Recurs femoris

The psoas major and iliacus muscles would be considered antagonists to what muscle during extension of the hip?

Semimembranosus

The gluteus maximus not only extends and abducts the hip joint but also assists with hip what?

Adduction

The gracilis muscle is involved in which of the following hip joint actions?

Adduction

What are the muscles that make up the hamstrings?

Biceps femoris, semimembranosus, and semitendinosus

What muscles are responsible for hip flexion?

Iliopsoas, rectus femoris, sartorius, TFL, and pectineus (anterior muscles)

The psoas major and iliacus muscles would be considered antagonists to what muscle during hip extension?

Semimembranosus

What plexuses make up the lumbosacral plexus?

Lumbar, sacral, and pudendal plexuses

The medial calcaneal, peroneal, and perforating branches are considered branches of what?

Posterior tibial artery

What blood vessel is often surgically removed to be used as a replacement for a damaged or diseased section of another blood vessel?

Saphenous vein

The lateral and medial superficial femoral veins and the superficial circumflex iliac vein drain (empty) into what?

Great saphenous vein

The lateral and medial plantar nerves are branches of the what?

Tibial nerve

In the foot and ankle, two sites frequently used to determine a pulse in the lower extremity is the dorsal pedis artery and the what?

Posterior tibial artery

The sciatic nerve is actually a combination of the tibial nerve and the what?

Common peroneal nerve

The piriformis muscle is innervated by a nerve that arises from the what?

Sacral plexus

The deep and superficial peroneal nerves arise from what portion of the lumbosacral plexus?

Posterior

What are the four major arteries of the lower extremity?

Femoral, popliteal, anterior tibial, and posterior tibial

What artery does the genicular artery branch from?

Femoral artery

What areas of the spine does the sciatic nerve have root in?

Lumbar and sacral (L4-S3)

What is the middle portion of the lumbosacral plexus know as?

Sacral plexus

What muscles do the gluteal nerves innervate?

The three gluteal muscles and the TFL

What type of veins are the great saphenous and lesser saphenous veins classified as?

Major superficial veins

What bones make up the pelvis?

Ilium, ischium, pubis, and sacrum

What is the acetabulum and it’s function?

Lateral cavity of the pelvis that articulates with the femoral head to for the coxal (hip) joint. It forms the socket of the ball-and-socket to allow for various movements and weight bearing.

What is the structure of the femur relevant to the hip joint?

The proximal femur consists of the head, neck, greater trochanter, and lesser trochanter.

What is the iliofemoral (Y) ligament and its function?

An anterior Y-shaped ligament that prevents hyperextension of the hip and stabilizes the joint in standing.

What is the pubofemoral ligament and its function?

An anteroinferiorly ligament that limits excess abduction and hip extension.

What is the ischiofemoral ligament and its function?

A posterior ligament that restricts hyperextension and internal rotation.

What is the ligamentum capitis femoris and its function?

The ligament of the femoral head that connects the femoral head to the acetabular fossa. Its contains a small artery supplying blood to the femoral head.

What are the main muscles in hip flexion?

Iliopsoas (iliacus and psoas major), rectus femoris, and sartorius

What are the main muscles in hip extension?

Gluteus Maximus and hamstrings

What are the primary muscles in hip adduction?

Adductor longus, adductor brevis, adductor magnus, gracilias, and pectineus

What are the primary movements of the hip joint?

Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, internal and external rotation, and circumduction.

How does the hip joint transfer weight from the trunk to the lower limbs?

Through a combination of muscles, ligaments, and bones.

Which muscles stabilize the hip during single leg stances?

Gluteus medius and minimus.

What are the two main joints of the knee?

Tibiofemural joint (between femur and tibia) and the patellofemoral joint (between patella and femur). They allow for flexion and extension and small rotational movements.

What is the role of the patella?

The patella increases the mechanical advantage of the quadriceps, protects the anterior knee, and guides tendon movement over the femur.

What is the menisci and its role “?

Fibrocartilaginous structures that absorb shock, distribute load, stabilize the joint, and facilitates movement between the femur and tibia.

What is the function of the ACL?

Prevent anterior displacement of the tibia and excessive rotation.

What is the function of the PCL?

Prevents posterior displacement of the tibia and stabilize the knee in flexion.

What is the function of the MCL?

Resists valgus stress

What is the function of the LCL?

Resist varus stress

How do the quadriceps and hamstrings stabilize the knee?

Quadriceps resist posterior displacement of the tibia and control extension while the hamstrings resist anterior displacement of the tibia.

What are the primary movements of the knee?

Flexion, extension, and internal and external rotation.

How do the menisci contribute to knee movement?

They deepens the tibial plateau, absorb shock, and guide femoral condoles during flexion and extension.

What is a common cause of ACL tears?

Sudden deceleration, pivoting, or vagus stress with rotation.

What is PCL injury and common cause?

Posterior force to the tibia usually cause in crashes for the dashboard.

How are meniscus injuries typically caused?

Meniscal tears occur due to twisting of the knee with weight bearing or degeneration.

What is patellar tracking disorder?

Malalignment of the pattella in the trochlear grove causing anterior knee pain and grinding.

What bones make up the lower leg?

Tibia and fibula

What bones make up the foot?

Tarsal (7: talus, calcaneus, navicular, cuboid, medial, intermediate, lateral cuneiforms), metatarsals (5), and phalanges (14: 2 in the big toe, 3 in the others)

What is the talcrural joint and its primary movement?

Hinge joint between the tibia/fibula and talus. Allows for dorsiflexion and plantarflexion.

What is the subtalor joint and its primary movements?

Joint between the talus and calcaneus. Allows for inversion and eversion.

What is the deltoid ligament and its function?

Medial ligament connecting the tibia to the talus, navicular, and calcaneus. Resist eversion and medial ankle stress.

What is the lateral ligaments of the ankle and their function?

Anterior talofibular (ATF), calcaneofibular (CFL), and posterior talofibular (PFL). Resist inversion during plantarflexion.

What is the planter fascia?

Thick connective tissue in the plantar surface of the foot supporting the medial longitude arch and absorbing shock.

What are the anterior compartment muscles of the lower leg and their function?

Tibialis anterior, extensor hallucis longus, extensor digitorum longus, and fibularis tertius. Allows for dorsiflexion and toe extension.

What are the lateral compartment muscles of the lower leg and their function?

Fibularis longus, and fibularis brevis. Allows for eversion, plantarflexion, and stabilizes the ankle from the lateral side.

What are the posterior compartment muscles of the lower leg and their function?

Superficial: gastrocnemius, solid, and planters (plantarflexion).

Deep: Tibialis posterior, flexor hallucis longus, and flexor digitorum longus (plantarflexion, inversion, and toe flexion).

Define dorsiflexion and plantarflexion

Dorsiflexion is toes to shin, plantarflexion is toes away from shin

Define inversion and eversion

Inversion is turning the sole of the foot up, and eversion is turning the sole down

Which muscles are primary inverters and evertors of the foot?

Inversion: Tibialis anterior and Tibialis posterior

Eversion: fibularis longus and fibularis brevis

How do ligaments and muscles work together to stabilize the ankle?

Ligaments limit excessive motion while muscles control movement, absorb forces, and prevent injuries during dynamic activities.

What is a lateral ankle sprain?

Stretch or tear of ATF ligament, CFL, PTF ligament due to inversion and plantarflexion. Presents with pain, swelling, and difficulty bearing weight.

What is plantar fasciitis?

Inflammation of the plantar fascia, causing heel pain. Usually from overuse, poor footwear, or tight calf muscles.

What are stress fractures in the lower leg and foot?

Small cracks in the bones (tibia and metatarsals) from overuse.

What ligament is most commonly injured during ankle sprains?

Anterior talofibular ligament

What is the lumbosacaral plexus?

A network of nerves from L1-S4 that supplies the lower limb.

What is the femoral nerve and what does it innervate?

From the L2-L4; passes through the femoral triangle, innervates the anterior thigh muscles for hip flexion and knee extension, and sensory to the anterior thigh and medial leg.

What is the obturator nerve and its function?

From L2-L4; passes through the obturator foramen, innervates the medial thigh adductors, and provides sensory input to the medial thigh.

What is the sciatic nerve and its general pathway?

From L4-S3; exits the pelvis via the greater sciatic foramen below the piriformis, runs down the posterior thighs, and divides the tibial and common peroneal nerves near the popliteal fossa. Largest nerve in the body

What does the tibial nerve innervate?

Depends through the posterior leg, intercepting the posterior compartment muscles and branches into the medial and lateral plantar nerves in the foot.

What does the common peroneal nerve innervate?

Wraps around the fibular neck, dividing into the superficial peroneal nerve (lateral compartment) and deep peroneal nerve (anterior compartment)